Russian space programmes and industry: Defining the new institutions for new conditions

The aim of this article is to define the major elements of the institutional design process for the Russian rocket and space industry, a process which must take account of the changed economic conditions in the country and provide for the industry's integration into the wider national economy. The article does this by demonstrating the features that need to be understood, highlighting the problems that need to be resolved, and arguing that an institutional design process will have to be based on compromise and accommodation of all the different actors involved. The article deals with a number of particular problems challenging the managers and methodologists of the Russian national space programme of today.     

一种新型平板高增益天线

设计了一种新型低剖面、高增益天线,即褶皱地平面天线。这种新型天线的剖面只有喇叭天线的1/10,采用周期性结构的金属制作而成,可以广泛应用于弹载、机载和星载侦察系统以及敌我识别系统。     

Analyzing the new Kennedy tape

A newly released tape of a 18 September 1963 conversation between President Kennedy and NASA Administrator James Webb has been interpreted by some as showing that the president was looking for a way out of his Apollo commitment. This commentary analyses the meeting – in which Webb did most of the talking – and concludes instead that Kennedy was concerned about how to keep the program going in the face of growing criticism of its cost and goals. In particular there was discussion of how to ensure that his support for Apollo did not harm his chances of re-election. To Kennedy, giving Apollo a military rationale seemed the best way to ensure its support.     

新型高密度燃料性能研究

研究了新型高密度碳氢化合物HD-2与航空煤油的复配。通过对不同配比的燃料的密度、黏度、闪点、燃烧热值的测定比较,研究了复配燃料的基本性能;通过火箭一冲压组合发动机（RBCC）航空煤油点火燃烧性能实验,研究了不同HD-2添加含量的复配燃料的燃烧性能。基本性能测试实验和点火燃烧性能实验的结果表明：添加HD-2高密度碳氢化合...     

A new role for a new millennium? The changing nature of space activities

Space activity has lost the momentum it had in the past. During the Cold War the use of space was constrained by specific political and military conditions which gave it a strong but narrow identity. The aerospace industry, in particular, was in a position to develop protected and exclusive ties with the public sector. These times have passed and diminishing competition between the two main space powers has had consequences for the planning of major space undertakings. Space activity is in the process of being thoroughly transformed as it is forced to become more connected to general economic and industrial activity, especially in the field of information. An opportunity for a sector that has been struggling could also prove to be risky as space activity is losing some of its previously strong identity. Space currently seems to lack the high level of public support from governments it once enjoyed, while not finding an alternative in the industry itself to this declining investment. This situation should lead both the space community and the political authorities to consider new general space applications that will be more in line with the preoccupations of our modern societies and thus contribute to solving the principal global issues of tomorrow.     

ESA''s new intellectual property policy

This paper outlines the new intellectual property policy for ESA research and development contracts and how the new general contract provisions achieve a balance between the interests of the individual contractor, the member states and ESA's need to improve the competitive position of European industry as a whole.     

A new strategic revolution?

Professor Freedman examines the argument that, with the claimed potential of ballistic missile defence deriving from SDI, there has been a strategic revolution in favour of the defence. He argues that such a revolution will only come despite technological trends and not because of them, ie from building an entirely new strategic relationship with the active cooperation of the USSR, and concludes that the strident advocacy of strategic defensive systems allows the opportunity of avoiding the real dilemmas that confront us in the nuclear age by pretending that there is a technological way out.     

International cooperation in space — new opportunities, new approaches : An assessment

Now that the Cold War is over, the authors of this Viewpoint believe that in the interests of the USA as well as the rest of the world international cooperation should become a more fundamental element of US space policy. Cooperative agreements will not always be easy to reach and will require creative statecraft. To that end the USA should take the initiative in establishing a high-level international policy forum to facilitate discussions on the main goals and objectives to be served by international cooperation in space.     

新型天线技术研究进展

根据最新研究情况,论述了新型天线技术的发展现状。液体天线用离子液体或液态金属等构成天线,构造灵活,使用场合广泛;铁电材料通过可调的高介电常数特性获得辐射特性可变的天线;而薄膜天线依托柔性材料技术的进步,易于制作轻质复杂的天线,适用于航空航天领域;集成化的桅杆天线是提高舰船整个平台性能的主要途径之一,有的技术已用在新建造的舰船上;异向介质和超材料透镜天线,具有体积小、增益高的特点,特别适用于情报侦察领域。     

Leadership for new US strategic directions

Although faced with the new global challenges of terrorism and peer competition, the USA has been slow to adapt its cold war forces, and newer ‘warfighter’ strategy to meet them. Cyberspace and outer space offer the means to do this, via ‘responsive’ microsatellites and low-cost launchers, and broadband internet information and education services. The US military leadership is, however, not well enough versed in these technologies, with senior personnel largely lacking a space or technical background and having little appetite for change. If the USA is successfully to meet current challenges, it must first create a leadership that is technologically capable and philosophically attuned to change.     

A new generation of space engines

A primary method of launching future spacecraft will be the Space Transportation System (STS). Studies have identified minimum length stages capable of lifting heavy and deployed payloads from the STS low-Earth orbit to geosynchronous Earth orbit using storage or cryogenic propulsion systems.

Aerojet TechSystems is presently developing two engines suitable for these stages, a storable engine in the few thousand pound thrust range, and a cryogenic engine with a thrust of only a few hundred pounds. The stringent life and performance requirements of these engines offer new technical challenges which can only be met through the consequent employment of novel materials and processes for the storable engine and through innovative design concepts for the cryogenic engine. The storable engine breadboard testing has been accomplished, and the flightweight development program will be complete by the end of this decade. A qualified engine is anticipated for service in the early 1990 time frame. The low thrust cryogenic engine lags this storable engine by approximately three years in development and availability.

This paper discusses the technical issues, their solutions, and the development status of these two engines.     

SDI and the new space renaissance

This article outlines the objectives of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Program and describes the new technologies being considered by the Program. The author puts forward the view that the SDI will yield great benefits beyond the military goals, in terms of important technological advances, stimulation of the US economy and increased national security.     

A new treatment of Lambertian mechanics

Lambert's formulas for the time of orbital flight between two points in space are rederived by first establishing a universal differential equation governing the time function, independent of the conic type of the trajectory, the focal characteristics of the trajectory sector, and the range angle. A unified form of Lambert's formulas is then obtained as the general solution of the differential equation, and the various forms of the classical Lambert's formulas are obtained as its particular solutions under different boundary conditions. Following this basic treatment, various hypergeometric expansions for Lambert's time function and its derivatives are developed, and the behavior of the function and its implications in the solution of Lambert's problem and the isochronous trajectories are briefly reviewed. Finally, a short comparison of the present treatment with those found in current literature on Lambertian Mechanics is made and briefly discussed.     

电子战新技术发展综述

综述了当前电子战技术装备的发展概况,从电子侦察、电子进攻、电子防御三方面分析了国内外新装备新技术动态及其发展趋势,并对最近发展迅速的雷达新技术、无人机的电子战技术手段进行了分析,最后对未来电子战发展方向进行展望。     

Space visions from a new generation

Through experiences at the International Space University's 1995 Summer Session, the authors became aware of generational differences of opinion with regard to visions for future space activities. The faculty members had expansionary visions of space exploration and colonization, while the students, having grown up in a very different environment, had concerns which centered around using space to improve life on Earth. This paper addresses possible explanations for these different perspectives. The visions of this younger generation are those which will shape the space policy of the future and are even beginning to shape it today.     

A new type programmable multichannel radiometer

This paper deals with a new type programmable multichannel radiometer, applied mainly in solving scientific and methodological problems in the field of remote sensing of the Earth. The radiometer operates in the visible and near IR range of the spectrum with a selective capability on the number of recorded channels, their width and location in the studied spectral range.     

频率引导设计的新方法

提出一种新的频率引导设计方法。该方法将成熟的数字射频存储器作为可受控的射频跟随器,利用其所具有的极小的读写间隔时间特点,使系统的置频时间控制在很短范围之内,以解决系统完成频率引导功能时工作灵敏度、瞬时工作带宽及系统响应时间三者之间的矛盾,从而能在复杂的电磁环境中保持对窄脉宽、脉间大范围跳变等雷达信号的侦察和跟踪。     

新一代运载火箭研制与标准化

概述新一代运载火箭研制情况及其与标准化的关系,对标准化参与前期工作的情况、标准化指导和促进成熟技术应用、提供技术借鉴、促进新技术应用等方面的问题作了说明.     

The new millennium program: Fast-track procurements

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) New Millennium Program (NMP) has embarked on a technology flight-validation demonstration program to enable the kinds of missions that NASA envisions for the 21st century. Embedded in this program is the concept of rapid mission development supported by a fast-track procurement process. This process begins with the decision to initiate a procurement very early in the program along with the formation of a technical acquisition team. A close working relationship among the team members is essential to avoiding delays and developing a clear acquisition plan. The request for proposal (RFP) that is subsequently issued seeks a company with proven capabilities, so that the time allotted for responses from proposers and the length of proposals they submit can be shortened. The fast-track procurement process has been demonstrated during selection of NMP's industrial partners and has been proven to work.