基于不变流形的小推力Halo轨道转移方法研究

利用动力系统理论中的不变流形概念设计向halo轨道转移的小推力轨道。首先,根据小推力发动机是否工作将转移轨道划分为上升段和滑行段。两个轨道段分别采用不同的动力学模型描述;并通过不变流形和Lyapunov反馈控制原理将整段轨道参数化;最后进行参数优化获得最优转移轨道。这种方法通过合理选择坐标系和利用反馈控制的方法,避免了由三体动力学模型以及最优控制问题的共轭方程所具有的极强的非线性带来的求解困难。具有很强的收敛性;优化过程的每一步中不包含迭代过程,计算速度快。并以从地球停泊轨道向日-地L2点halo轨道转移为例验证了此方法的有效性。这种方法对小推力动平衡点任务设计有着重要的实际意义。     

采用Gauss伪谱法的小推力日-火Halo轨道转移优化设计

针对日-地Halo轨道到日-火Halo轨道的小推力轨道转移问题,给出一种基于不变流形理论和Gauss伪谱法的优化设计方法。首先,在日心惯性坐标系中建立小推力轨道优化模型,并基于不变流形理论给出轨道转移中流形出口和入口的选择原则,应用该原则在日-地系统中选择流形出口,在日-火系统中选择流形入口,并将其作为轨道转移的初末状态;然后基于Gauss伪谱法将最优控制问题离散化为非线性规划(NLP)问题,并采用基于逆多项式的形状算法给出了NLP初值的计算方法;最后对该轨道转移问题进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明：Gauss伪谱法可有效用于小推力日-火Halo轨道转移的优化,且采用逆多项式形状算法得到的初值具有初始误差小,使得NLP收敛速度快的特点。     

共线平动点的动力学特征及其在深空探测中的应用

首先系统地阐述了限制性三体问题中共线平动点的动力学特征,给出了这类平动点附近的中心流形（周期轨道和拟周期轨道）及双曲流形（稳定与不稳定流形）的计算方法,并在限制性三体问题模型下给出了相应的数值算例。在此基础上,进一步探讨了将探测器定点在共线平动点附近的条件和相应的轨道控制问题以及如何利用共线平动点的不稳定性实现节能过渡问题,并在太阳系多天体引力模型下给出了一些算例。     

一种新的共线平动点拟周期轨道稳定保持策略

限制性三体问题下共线平动点附近的拟周期轨道在深空探测中具有重要的实际应用价值,得到了各航天大国的广泛重视。通过将动力学中心流形结构引入轨道控制方法的设计之中,得到了基于投影到中心流形的共线平动点拟周期轨道稳定保持策略。首先推导了会合坐标到中心流形坐标的正则变换方法,在此基础上设法通过引入轨道机动,将偏差状态点投影到中心流形上,从而达到消除不稳定分量的目的。该方法充分整合了平动点的动力学特性,并且也适用于周期轨道的稳定保持。通过对Lissajous轨道和晕轨道的数值仿真表明,该方法较以往方法具有更强的稳定性,能在显著降低轨控燃料消耗的基础上达到较好的稳定保持效果。     

拉格朗日平动点之间的转移轨道设计

针对三体问题中平动点转移轨道设计问题,首先以Richardson三阶近似解为初值,采用微分修正法,计算出简单周期轨道;利用单值矩阵法,计算出简单周期轨道附近的不变流形.然后根据Broucke的简单周期轨道分类思想,利用地-月平动点之间月球附近的周期轨道作为中转,设计LL2附近的Lyapunov轨道,LL1附近的Lyap...     

三角平动点附近高阶解在轨道位置保持中的应用

首先给出三角平动点附近的高阶解析解,并计算了三种特殊的运动类型。以日–地+月系三角平动点附近无长周期运动分量的拟周期轨道作为目标轨道,探讨轨道保持问题。针对三角平动点任务的轨道保持问题,我们研究了两种轨道保持策略,分别为多点打靶轨道保持与重构目标轨道的策略。计算中,将轨道控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,并以优化方法求解。仿真表明优化方法在轨道保持问题求解方面非常有效。     

基于退火遗传算法的小推力轨道优化问题研究

利用退火遗传算法解决小推力轨道优化问题。首先利用传统混合法将轨道优化问题归结为受非线性方程约束的参数优化问题。通过结合退火和随机惩罚函数对约束条件进行处理后，用遗传算法求解这个参数优化问题。最后再采用局部优化算法提高解的精度。这种算法既保持了传统混合法精度高、解轨线光滑的优点，又克服了传统轨道优化方法收敛性差、初始猜测困难、容易陷入局部极小解的缺点。在本文的最后，利用文中提出的轨道优化算法求解“喷-停-喷”型定常推力幅值地球-木星轨道转移问题。算例证明此算法可以有效地求解小推力轨道转移问题，尤其适用于传统轨道优化方法难以求解的复杂轨道优化问题。     

不同月球借力约束下的地月Halo轨道转移轨道设计

针对地月系L2点不同任务需求下的低耗能转移轨道设计问题,基于不变流形理论与混合优化技术,深入研究了不同月球借力约束与不同幅值Halo轨道的入轨点（简称HOI点）对转移轨道飞行时间与燃料消耗的影响,给出了HOI点选择策略。首先结合任务要求并考虑月球引力影响,在月球借力点施加不同约束条件,通过微分修正算法调整Halo轨道的稳定流形,设计月球到Halo轨道的转移轨道。采用遗传算法与微分修正算法相结合的混合优化策略,在同时考虑地球停泊轨道高度、倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下,对燃料最优的地月转移轨道进行研究。最后,分析月球借力高度、借力方位角和不同HOI点对平动点转移轨道飞行时间与燃耗变化量的影响,对于考虑月球借力的地月平动点转移轨道设计与应用具有重要的参考价值。     

IPS转移轨道设计技术

行星际高速公路（IPS）在未来深空探测中有着重要作用,转移轨道设计技术是IPS设计理论的关键技术之一。在系统综述和总结前人研究成果的基础上,首先分析了IPS的理论基础,然后从不变流形理论出发,研究了IPS转移轨道设计问题,重点分析了不变流形与出发天体停泊轨道不能相交的情况下,转移轨道的设计与优化方法。最后将IPS返回轨道分解为大气层外飞行段和大气层内飞行段分别优化,讨论了IPS返回转移轨道设计问题。     

一种常值推力作用的轨道机动优化设计策略

针对常值推力作用的航天器轨道机动优化设计问题开展研究,推导了航天器三维空间轨道机动动力学模型,对动力学模型各参数进行无量纲化处理以防止计算过程中出现奇异。提出了一种先轨道等待再轨道机动的优化设计策略,航天器先在初始轨道上无动力飞行一段时间进行轨道等待,然后寻找一个最优时刻施加推力再进行轨道机动。该策略将航天器的最优等待时刻和轨道机动过程中的最优控制量作为整体统一进行优化。通过基于分段积分技术的多重直接打靶法将原先复杂的轨迹优化设计问题转化为每个子时间区间的非线性规划问题,采用内点法进行求解。仿真验证了本文优化设计策略的有效性。     

Low-energy Earth–Moon transfers involving manifolds through isomorphic mapping

Analysis and design of low-energy transfers to the Moon has been a subject of great interest for decades. Exterior and interior transfers, based on the transit through the regions where the collinear libration points are located, have been studied for a long time and some space missions have already taken advantage of the results of these studies. This paper is concerned with a geometrical approach for low-energy Earth-to-Moon mission analysis, based on isomorphic mapping. The isomorphic mapping of trajectories allows a visual, intuitive representation of periodic orbits and of the related invariant manifolds, which correspond to tubes that emanate from the curve associated with the periodic orbit. Two types of Earth-to-Moon missions are considered. The first mission is composed of the following arcs: (i) transfer trajectory from a circular low Earth orbit to the stable invariant manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ (corresponding to a specified energy level) and (ii) transfer trajectory along the unstable manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁, with final injection in a periodic orbit around the Moon. The second mission is composed of the following arcs: (i) transfer trajectory from a circular low Earth orbit to the stable invariant manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁ (corresponding to a specified energy level) and (ii) transfer trajectory along the unstable manifold associated with the Lyapunov orbit at L₁, with final injection in a capture (non-periodic) orbit around the Moon. In both cases three velocity impulses are needed to perform the transfer: the first at an unknown initial point along the low Earth orbit, the second at injection on the stable manifold, the third at injection in the final (periodic or capture) orbit. The final goal is in finding the optimization parameters, which are represented by the locations, directions, and magnitudes of the velocity impulses such that the overall delta-v of the transfer is minimized. This work proves how isomorphic mapping (in two distinct forms) can be profitably employed to optimize such transfers, by determining in a geometrical fashion the desired optimization parameters that minimize the delta-v budget required to perform the transfer.     

嫦娥五号平动点拓展任务轨道方案研究

中国嫦娥五号探测器成功实现月球采样返回任务,为最大限度利用任务资源,研究了利用嫦娥五号轨道器的平动点拓展任务轨道方案,设计了平动点轨道及其转移轨道.首先,给出了任务轨道设计的轨道动力学模型,包括圆型限制性三体问题模型和精确力模型.其次,基于嫦娥二号和嫦娥5T1平动点拓展任务设计经验,介绍了平动点轨道直接转移与入轨等轨道...     

地-月系平动点及Halo轨道的应用研究

地-月系统的平动点L1点及L2点的Halo轨道在探月工程中有重要的应用价值，可分别用于地月连续通信覆盖和月球背面的探测。由于在地-月系统中太阳的引力不可忽略，特别是在长时间作用以后，其动力学行为与摄动力较小的日-地系统有明显的不同。本文分析了如何利用太阳引力进入地-月系统的L1点及L2点的Halo轨道、以及由Halo轨道进入近月轨道的问题，两者综合起来构成了一条完整的地月低能转移轨道。研究结果对探月轨道设计有一定的参考价值。     

Halo orbits in the vicinity of the L 2 libration point in the Sun-Earth system

Methods are proposed for constructing the orbits of spacecraft remaining for long periods of time in the vicinity of the L ₂ libration point in the Sun-Earth system (so-called halo orbits), and the trajectories of uncontrolled flights from low near-Earth orbits to halo orbits. Halo orbits and flight trajectories are constructed in two stages: A suitable solution to a circular restricted three-body problem is first constructed and then transformed into the solution for a restricted four-body problem in view of the real motions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. For a halo orbit, its prototype in the first stage is a combination of a periodic Lyapunov solution in the vicinity of the L ₂ point and lying in the plane of large-body motion, with the solution for the linear second-order system describing small deviations of the spacecraft from this plane along the periodic solution. The desired orbit is found as the solution to the three-body problem best approximating the prototype in the mean square. The constructed orbit serves as a similar prototype in the second stage. In both stages, the approximating solution is constructed by continuation along a parameter that is the length of the approximation interval. Flight trajectories are constructed in a similar manner. The prototype orbit in the first stage is a combination of a solution lying in the plane of large-body motion and a solution for a linear second-order system describing small deviations of the spacecraft from this plane. The planar solution begins near the Earth and over time tends toward the Lyapunov solution existing in the vicinity of the L ₂ point. The initial conditions of both prototypes and the approximating solutions correspond to the spacecraft’s departure from a low near-Earth orbit at a given distance, perigee, and inclination.     

日地Halo轨道的多约束转移轨道分层微分修正设计

针对日-地系统L1点（简称SEL1点）Halo轨道转移轨道设计中存在的多约束与初值敏感性问题,提出一种基于分层微分修正与初值多项式的设计方法。首先定义平动点转移轨道设计过程中存在的约束条件,然后根据不同的终端约束条件,重点给出了同时考虑轨道高度、轨道倾角、升交点赤经与航迹角等多约束条件下的分层微分修正方法。通过分析约束变量与控制变量之间的关系,得到能够解决微分修正初值问题的初值表达式。最后在多约束条件下设计了从轨道高度为200km的地球停泊轨道到SEL1点Halo轨道的转移轨道。仿真结果表明,分层微分修正方法能够处理多约束问题,且初值表达式可以为微分修正提供良好的初始条件,从而保证算法收敛,方法具有较好的实用性。     

Mission design and analysis of European astrophysics missions orbiting libration points

The main characteristics of the trajectory design of space observatory missions in the Earth–Sun libration point region is highlighted, based on experiences gained in work performed by the authors on ESA missions. Free transfers always lead to large-amplitude orbits around L₂, their properties (amplitudes, phases, non-linear behaviour) are related to the conditions at perigee. Launch scenarios with different degrees of freedom in the perigee geometry and different strategies of sharing the apogee raising between launcher and spacecraft propulsion for Soyuz (with circular parking orbit or direct injection) and Ariane 5 launches from French Guiana will be discussed. Besides the orbit selection and transfer analysis, an important aspect of libration missions is the maintenance of the operational orbit. For some missions it is required to maximise the time between maintenance manoeuvres, and for some the thrust authority is limited. In both cases the exponential nature of the state transition matrix has to be considered. If the equivalent velocity error in the unstable direction becomes too large, the orbit can become unrecoverable, leading to a departure from the environment of the Lagrange point within a few months.     

Solving Optimization Problems for the Flight Trajectories of a Spacecraft with a High-Thrust Jet Engine in Pulse Formulation for an Arbitrary Gravitational Field in a Vacuum

A mathematically well-posed technique is suggested to obtain first-order necessary conditions of local optimality for the problems of optimization to be solved in a pulse formulation for flight trajectories of a spacecraft with a high-thrust jet engine (HTJE) in an arbitrary gravitational field in vacuum. The technique is based on the Lagrange principle of derestriction for conditional extremum problems in a function space. It allows one to formalize an algorithm of change from the problems of optimization to a boundary-value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations in the case of any optimization problem for which the pulse formulation makes sense. In this work, such a change is made for the case of optimizing the flight trajectories of a spacecraft with a HTJE when terminal and intermediate conditions (like equalities, inequalities, and the terminal functional of minimization) are taken in a general form. As an example of the application of the suggested technique, we consider in this work, within the framework of a bounded circular three-point problem in pulse formulation, the problem of constructing the flight trajectories of a spacecraft with a HTJE through one or several libration points (including the case of going through all libration points) of the Earth–Moon system. The spacecraft is launched from a circular orbit of an Earth's artificial satellite and, upon passing through a point (or points) of libration, returns to the initial orbit. The expenditure of mass (characteristic velocity) is minimized at a restricted time of transfer.