Hermes vehicle

The presence of Europe in the future developments of spatial programs, which are foreseen, for the 1990s and further, needs the availability of vehicles, modules and all related technologies adapted to operational use of low earth orbit station.The manned HERMES vehicle shall be part of the in-orbit infrastructure realized either in the European context or in cooperation between Europe and the United States.The main mission for this vehicle will be to run a shuttle with the station that means transport and change of the crews, its safe return in abort condition and cargo transport of consumable and experimental equipment.Secondary missions could be servicing on automatic platform, making autonomous scientific experiments. Lastly, the vehicle, by means of its on-board propulsion capability, could be used to accomplish in-orbit tow and assembly missions.Studies which are undertaken now about the vehicle are devoted to the aerodynamic shape (research of a compromise between aerothermic and overall fitting), the system (functional architecture, ground and flight configuration); further works dealing with technology are presently on hand in the field of thermal protection, aerodynamics, power generation with a high massic yield.     

美国载人航天商业运输的发展

研究了美国载人航天商业运输的发展现状和趋势。美国在取消星座计划之后,实施商业乘员和货物项目,将依靠商业运输器实现＂国际空间站＂的乘员和货物运输,以缩短＂后航天飞机＂时代（航天飞机退役后）运输的断档期。美国商业乘员和货物项目包括商业轨道运输服务（COTS）计划、商业再补给服务（CRS）计划和商业乘员开发（CCDev）计划...     

可重复使用空间站补给方案设想

提出了一种基于我国现有液体上面级的可重复使用太空补给方案,可用于空间站补给运送货物及废弃品转运清理。分析了空间站补给运送的任务模式及工作流程。在总结应用特点的基础上,提出了基于上面级的可重复使用空间站补给的发展路线。最后,对相关关键技术进行了初步分析。     

Maiden Flight of Long March 7——The New Generation Medium Launch Vehicle in China

On June 25, 2016, the Long March 7(LM-7) launch vehicle completed its maiden flight successfully. LM-7, as a new generation of medium and basic launch vehicle based on the design concepts of non-toxic and nonpolluting, was developed for the purpose of launching a cargo spacecraft to the Chinese space station. Based on the experience on launching cargo spacecraft and satellites, LM-7 can be adapted for mainstream satellite launch missions in the future with its characteristics of serialization and continuous optimization. LM-7 is expected to be used to launch manned spacecraft in the future. This paper presents a general review of LM-7 with regard to the general scheme and provides references for the development prospects of a medium launch vehicle series in China.     

Study on JAXA elements for international lunar vicinity mission

JAXA has commenced technical research for contributing as a part of international partnership for the space exploration in Lunar vicinity. One of the candidates is the cargo transport mission with the combination of Cryogenic Propulsion Stage(s) (CPS) and a transfer vehicle derived from Japanese un-manned vehicle used for ISS. The CPS needs advanced technologies to keep the propellant for long mission duration and they will be useful in further missions beyond moon. This paper reports the profile of the mission, vehicle configurations, and the transport capabilities.     

欧洲自动转移飞行器电源系统设计及启示

介绍了"自动转移飞行器"(ATV)电源系统采用的3项关键技术:太阳翼X构型设计,太阳电池电路交叉布阵,蓄电池组充电控制模式;探讨了这些技术对平衡不同光照条件输出功率、降低遮挡对每个太阳电池阵输出功率的影响,以及确保蓄电池性能安全可靠的优势;并讨论了ATV电源设计方案对我国货运飞船和空间站电源系统设计的借鉴意义。     

一种分布式区域卫星导航系统定位方法

研究了应用于铁路、内河水运等领域的分布式区域卫星导航系统定位方法。定位方法 采用多站差分方式,分析了多站差分的误差特性、单参考站电离层和对流层误差,提出了基 于伪距修正值投影的多站差分区域导航系统的定位方法。该方法解决现有技术中单差分系统 用户与地面站的距离增加定位误差增大的问题,增加定位精度,同时提高系统的健壮性和覆 盖效率。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Cooperative research in microgravity sciences during the French manned MIR missions

During the past ten years the French laboratories working in the field of fluids and material sciences had access to regular, long-lasting manned missions onboard the Russian MIR Space Station. Beyond the French scientific program that was performed with the ALICE apparatus, a cooperative research program was developed with DLR, NASA and RSA. This cooperation was based on bartered agreements that included the joint utilization of the instruments onboard the MIR station (ALICE, TITUS furnace from DLR, vibration device from RKK Energia) and the funding of dedicated cartridges (DLR) or thermostats (DLR and NASA), as well as launch services (NASA) by the Cooperating Agencies. We present a review of this program with a particular emphasis on its scientific results and on the progress that has been achieved in science and applications. They covered a large field of condensed matter physics, from material sciences to near-critical and off-critical phase separation kinetics and near critical fluid hydrodynamics (thermoacoustic heat transport and vibrational convection). The high microgravity relevance of all these investigations naturally led to outstanding results that was published in the world's best scientific journals. The analysis of the latest experiments performed during the PEGASUS mission shows they will not be an exception to that evaluation. Off-critical phase separation with NASA, pressure-driven piston effect and equiaxed solidification with DLR, heat transport under calibrated vibrations with RKK Energia, all will be presented. The conclusion will stress the international character of this microgravity research program, the conditions of its success and what can be gained from it in the perspective of the space station utilization.     

Simulation model for the operation of space freighters

This paper makes the attempt to illustrate the need for a detailed operational analysis of future space transportation systems with the help of computer-based simulation models. The basic approach deemed suitable for such a systems simulation is explained in some detail. A reference program (100,000 Mg payload per year during 25 years) for a reference mission (heavy cargo transport to GEO for SPS construction) has been selected. A base-line launch vehicle (fully reusable ballistic all chemical three stage vehicle) has been defined, which is considered a serious applicant for such a mission. It was found that the take-off mass of this type of vehicle should be as large as practical from the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness. The example chosen has a GLOW of 10,000 Mg and lifts more than 100 Mg to GEO.With consideration of the operational parameters the simulation model evaluates the annual production rates, inventory of stages, utilization of facilities and operational cost, which amount within this frame of reference to about 96 $/kg net payload delivered to GEO in terms of 1980 dollars and contribute the main share to the total transportation cost.     

膜盒贮箱推进剂补加过程的建模与仿真

推进剂在轨补加是确保空间站长期工作的重要条件。为了使补加工作顺利实施,需要对推进剂补加过程进行专门的研究。航天器常用推进剂如一甲基肼、四氧化二氮等有剧毒,地面模拟补加试验常采用无毒的模拟工质。但由于两种物质的物性参数存在差异,导致模拟的补加过程和效果与实际情况有差异。文章参考国外空间站补加系统构成形式和补加过程,建立膜盒贮箱推进剂补加过程的数学模型,通过将仿真结果与地面试验数据对比验证了数学模型的准确性。进一步对两种推进剂的补加过程进行仿真分析,并与纯净水补加数据对比。结果表明:液体工质的体积流率与密度存在反比关系,即一甲基肼的补加速率高于纯净水,四氧化二氮的补加速率则低于纯净水。     

Transport Characteristics of Macroparticles in Dusty Plasma Induced by Solar Radiation under Microgravity Conditions

The transport characteristics of macroparticles, charged by the solar radiation under microgravity conditions, were investigated by analyzing the videorecords of experiments carried out onboard the Mirorbital station. The temperature, distributions of velocities, charge, friction coefficient, and diffusion coefficient were obtained for bronze particles.     

A review of lighter-than-air progress in the United States and its technological significance

Lighter-than-air vehicles are being studied and developed as solutions to problems in transportation and in communications and service. These vehicles include balloons, balloon-airship systems and airships. Tethered balloons of streamline form have been developed for both military (surveillance) and civil (telecommunications) applications. These are capable of flying at 4600 m altitude in 100 km/hr winds and supporting payloads up to 1678 kg. Other applications include use of natural shaped balloons for logging in forested areas and for transport of cargo from ship-to-shore. Free balloons have been flown up to 51, 812 m and 7624 kg have been carried to 34,440 m. Balloon-like remotely piloted airships are being studied and developed as high altitude geo-stationary platforms for telecommunication and surveillance. Many new and lower cost benefits would result from the successful development of this type. The carrying of heavy large-volume cargoes promises to be an important and unique application for airships which are designed to achieve precise hovering while being loaded or unloaded. Several types are being studied for this purpose. Other new applications include use of airships for airport feeder passenger transport, and as large long endurance naval patrol vehicles. Technology programs must be developed which will enable new airships to be designed and built. These would include studies in aerodynamics, materials, structures, propulsion, and operational techniques. The advancement of these new concepts is handicapped by the lack of an established industry, confidence, and the complexity and cost of development. Yet where success has been achieved, it has been worth the risk. Government support is required to achieve these goals.     

Using the PROGRESS transport spacecraft in structure of the International Space Station for realization of scientific experiments under microgravity conditions

The problem is considered of using the PROGRESS transport spacecraft, which will deliver the payload on the ISS, as a free flying platform for realization of space experiments. For maintenance of the ISS 5-6 PROGRESS flights per year are planned. Usually after delivery of the payload the PROGRESS undocks from the ISS and burns down in the Earth atmosphere. However, the operating conditions of its onboard systems allow to prolong operation and to make free flight near to the station and repeatedly to be docked to it. It is offered to use this possibility for performing experiments on Material Science.     

空间站智能自主控制

首先分析了空间站及其运动控制系统的任务及特点，指出开展空间站智能自主控制研究是系统任务复杂性及不确定性的必然要求，已经迫在眉睫。然后介绍了一种新的智能控制方法——即基于全系数特征模型描述的智能控制方法，这是实现空间站智能自主控制的重要理论基础。最后提出空间站智能自主控制系统的结构组成。     

One Possible Mechanism to Sustain Combustion inside a Closed Region under Zero Gravity

An experimental study carried out aboard the Mirstation showed that a stearin candle can burn for a long time even inside a closed volume without a forced circulation. Such experiments imply that there is some mechanism for a permanent transport of the oxidizer to the flame zone. It can be assumed that a jet of combustion products outflowing along a normal direction with respect to the flame surface produces a vortex motion in the environmental space, which delivers oxygen to the flame zone. To verify the feasibility of combustion to be sustained by such a mechanism, a mathematical statement of the problem of combustion inside a closed region under zero gravity without a forced circulation was formulated. A simplified model was put forward to simulate the combustion of solid and liquid substances, which allowed the effects of chemical reactions to be reduced to boundary conditions. The computations showed that the proposed mechanism of oxygen transport to the flame zone really can sustain an almost stationary regime of combustion.     

大型深空站周边抗电磁干扰对策研究

深空测控活动具有信号空间衰减大、传输时延长、传播环境复杂等特点，电磁干扰对活动影响较大。对某型深空站电磁干扰现状开展分析，区分各类干扰源，对常用的抗电磁干扰对策方法进行研究。以电磁环境监测与管理信息系统为依据来研究电磁环境实时监测在深空站的实现，探索适宜深空站使用的电磁干扰监测方法和抗电磁干扰的对策，并从体制机制上对深空站实施有效保护。     

应用虚拟基准站(VRS)技术提高测控系统精度

虚拟基准站 VRS( Virtual Reference Stations)技术是国外近年发展起来的一项新的 GPS差分技术 ,它综合利用多个基准站的测量信息 ,经过精确的误差修正 ,产生一随用户运动的基准站。始终与用户构成短基线差分 ,该技术有效提高了 GPS差分定位的精度 ,并具有获得高精度解的可靠性。文中分析虚拟基准站的原理与关键技术 ,提供部分试验结果 ,对测控系统利用 VRS技术的可行性进行了探讨     

空间站应用的发展及存在问题

简要介绍了国外载人空间站应用的发展和"国际空间站"应用的现状,重点总结和分析空间站应用面临的挑战性问题,包括应用人时不足,建设进度推迟,有效载荷配置不到位,运输能力不够,供电欠缺,设备和器材无序安装与存放,缺少合理建造与应用的综合规划和协调程序,以及潜在的设备故障与人为失误,同时,给出了解决这些问题的思路和途径。     

载人航天器密封舱CO2扩散规律仿真研究

文章以载人航天器密封舱为研究对象,采用k-ε湍流模型、组分输运模型及自定义函数边界对空间站密封舱内航天员代谢产物CO₂的分布规律进行了数值仿真,结果表明:45°角送风及舱间通风交换方案形成的流场可以保证舱内CO₂成分的有效传质,航天员两侧舱壁附近的CO₂浓度相对较高,异舱放置CO₂净化设备的方法可以满足CO₂控制需求。研究结果可以为载人航天器CO₂传感器以及净化装置的布置以及通风形式的优化提供参考。