遥感卫星平台与载荷一体化设计综述

随着遥感卫星使用效能的提升,整星和载荷的规模都在逐渐增大,遥感卫星现有的研制模式从构型布局、发射段抗力学以及在轨段微振动抑制等各个方面都限制了整星和载荷的研制能力,平台载荷一体化设计将成为解决大中型遥感卫星研制的重要手段。文章从一体化设计概念出发,提出了围绕载荷和基于平台的两种一体化设计理念,以一体化技术发展路线和实现目标的角度,深入探讨了平台载荷一体化设计的3个层级划分,并概要描述了遥感卫星一体化研制现状,最后明确了一体化设计的任务目标,可为后续遥感卫星平台载荷一体化研制提供借鉴。     

基于载荷共基准的高分七号卫星构型设计与验证

针对高分七号卫星载荷质量大、数量多,在轨工作环境要求高,总装时间短等特点,以一体化支架为整星成像测绘任务基准,采用载荷共基准的卫星构型布局方法及模块化设计原理,提出"π"平台、整星总装构型和星敏感器载荷一体化安装构型总装设计方案,并得到了卫星研制实践验证。经高分七号卫星在轨运行,结果表明:卫星构型总装方案设计合理可行,能满足卫星需求,可为我国后续高分辨率国土测绘卫星的构型、总装设计提供参考。     

基于在轨组装维护的多载荷协同观测卫星平台构型设计

针对高轨遥感卫星多载荷协同观测和一致测量应用需求,在前期总体技术方案研究的基础上,通过开展现有在轨组装航天器和高轨卫星公用平台的构型调研,提出了一种适用于多载荷协同观测需求的平台构型设计方案。平台利用CZ-5运载火箭发射并在轨展开,采用“网格式中心承力筒+板+桁架”式的总体构型,开展了主传力路径、贮箱承载结构、网格式中心承力筒等的细化设计工作,并进行了结构产品的初步设计,建立了平台结构整星的有限元模型。仿真分析表明:平台结构整星的各向一阶频率均能满足运载火箭的频率要求。基于标准化、通用化的平台接口设计,使其具备可扩展及可维修的能力,大大提升了平台鲁棒性。基于全网格筒的主承力设计,增强平台结构承载能力,并改善平台内部热环境。该设计方案可为基于在轨组装维护的高轨遥感大平台结构的设计提供有价值的参考。     

微纳InSAR卫星总体技术研究

微纳合成孔径雷达干涉(Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry, InSAR)卫星是对地定量化遥感的重要手段。开展了微纳InSAR卫星系统总体技术研究，给出了使得干涉测量覆盖范围最大的双星编队构型设计方法，建立了低燃料消耗双星轨道参数设计准则，提出高功能密度比InSAR卫星系统的设计方法，包括载荷平台一体化、卫星高集成模块化等总体设计方法，并给出了相应的设计实例。     

某型号卫星磁性分析与控制

某型号卫星的有效载荷之一高能望远镜对磁场敏感,因此在设计阶段即需分析卫星在轨时载荷所处的磁场环境,并尽可能提高载荷的抗磁场干扰能力。文章根据卫星的构型,对整星的磁场分布进行了计算;对载荷的抗磁场干扰能力进行了测试;对载荷的磁屏蔽方案进行了仿真与测试;分析了抗磁场干扰设计对整星磁性控制的影响,证明卫星可以满足总磁矩不大于5.0 A?m2的姿态控制要求。     

某型号卫星磁性分析与控制

某型号卫星的载荷高能望远镜对磁场敏感,因此在设计阶段即需分析卫星在轨时载荷所处的磁场环境,并尽可能提高载荷的抗磁场干扰能力.文章根据卫星的构型,对整星磁场分布进行了计算;对载荷的抗磁场干扰能力进行了测试;对载荷的磁屏蔽方案进行了分析与评定;最后给出分析与控制结论.     

空间飞行器分离式构型设计

介绍了空间飞行器体分离式构型设计的在轨机动能力增强、在轨寿命延长、扩展性好、型谱化易等优点.针对干重增加的不足,提出了贮箱承力结构、桁架式结构、平台载荷一体化等构型优化设计与关键技术.给出了基于分离式设计的麦哲伦号金星探测器、福布斯-萤火一号火星探测器和某地球静止轨道长寿命大型遥感卫星等应用.     

WorldView系列卫星设计状态分析与启示

WorldView 系列卫星是目前世界商业卫星中分辨率较高的光学遥感卫星。文章从卫星总体设计角度介绍了WorldView 系列卫星技术指标,分析了卫星敏捷机动工作能力、构形布局设计、平台和载荷一体化设计和微振动抑制设计等,梳理出国外先进遥感卫星的发展趋势,以此为基础提出了对我国新一代光学遥感卫星的设计启示。     

资源三号卫星结构稳定性设计与实现

结构稳定性是影响卫星图像定位精度的重要环节。文章介绍了资源三号卫星在系统、相机、结构等方面为提高结构稳定性所采取的技术措施。资源三号卫星采用3台星敏感器与3台测绘相机一体化设计,并对星敏感器支架和相机支架等关键结构进行高稳定设计,提高星上姿态测量基准与成像基准的匹配精度;测绘相机采用低畸变光学系统设计,以提高相机内部稳定性;基于整星有限元模型对相机光轴在轨指向进行了仿真分析,并开展地面试验对设计和分析进行验证。卫星在轨数据表明:相机支架、星敏感器支架等结构在轨稳定性良好,卫星图像定位精度超过任务指标要求,相关设计、分析与试验技术可为后续高精度遥感卫星提供参考。     

基于多观测模式的科学卫星构型布局设计与验证

空间观测科学卫星一般会有多种观测模式,不同观测模式对卫星提出不同的构型布局需求。硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)卫星在轨能够实现巡天、小天区、定点、伽马暴等4种主要观测模式。通过对卫星不同观测模式进行分析,得出各观测模式对构型布局设计需求,完成HXMT卫星适应多观测模式的构型布局设计。采用模块化、集成化的原理,设计服务舱+载荷舱的整星构型形式,以提高总装操作和测试的开敞性,实现并行研制;采用将望远镜背向安装在载荷舱顶板的布局方式,有效降低卫星平台对有效载荷的感生本底干扰,并屏蔽地球大气的反照本底;采用星敏感器与望远镜一体化安装布局,保证在轨望远镜光轴指向的确定精度;通过设置多维遮阳板,以减小定点和小天区扫描模式下对望远镜的空间外热流。     

Cost-driven design of small satellite remote sensing systems*

Earth remote sensing (alongside communications) is one of the key application of Earth-orbiting satellites. Civilian satellites in the LANDSAT and SPOT series provide Earth images which have been used for a vast spectrum of applications in agriculture, meteorology, hydrology, urban planning and geology, to name but a few. In the defence sector, satellite remote sensing systems are a critical tool in strategic and tactical planning – for the countries which can afford them. To date, remote sensing satellites have fallen into one of these two categories: military missions driven by the requirement for very high resolution and orbital agility; and multipurpose civil satellites using general purpose sensors to serve a diverse community of end users. For military-style missions, the drive to high resolution sets the requirements for optics, attitude control and downlink data bandwidth. For civil missions, the requirement to satisfy multiple, diverse user applications forces compromises on spectral band and orbit selection. Although there are exceptions, many small satellite remote sensing missions carry on in this tradition, concentrating on ultra high resolution products for multiple user communities. This results in satellites costing on the order of US $100 M, not optimised for any particular application. This paper explores an alternative path to satellite remote sensing, aiming simultaneously to reduce cost and to optimise imaging products for specific applications. By decreasing the cost of the remote sensing satellite system to a critical point, it becomes appropriate to optimise the sensor's spectral and temporal characteristics to fit the requirements of a small, specialised user base. The critical engineering trade-off faced in a cost driven mission is how to reduce mission cost while still delivering a useful product to the selected user. At the Surrey Space Centre, we have pursued an engineering path using two dimensional CCD array sensors, commercial off-the-shelf lenses and gravity-gradient stabilised microsatellites. In spite of the inherent limitations of such systems, recent successes with the Thai Microsatellite Company's Thai-Phutt satellite show that a system costing in the region of US $3 million, can approach the spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT. Surrey's UoSAT-12 minisatellite (to be launched April, 1999) will further develop this cost-driven approach to provide 10 m panchromatic resolution and 30 m multi-spectral resolution. This paper describes the Thai-Phutt and UoSAT-12 imaging systems, explaining the engineering methods and trade-offs. Although Surrey is presently the only centre presently pursuing such implementations, our paper shows that they deserve wider consideration.     

我国极轨气象卫星的发展

介绍了我国极轨气象卫星的现况。提出了由风云三号(FY-3)上午星、下午星和降水测量卫星组成的我国极轨气象卫星对地观测网构想,给出了三种卫星的主要仪器性能指标。讨论了多载荷综合观测,利用微波波段实现全天候探测,提高光谱分辨率,提高空间分辨率,提高仪器的灵敏度、定标精度,发展无线电(GPS)掩星探测,以及发展主动遥感等极轨气象卫星发展趋势。对我国极轨气象卫星的发展给出了气象卫星向对地综合观测发展、遥感探测技术向"四高两全一多"发展、探测方式向主动与被动结合方向发展、遥感应用向高精度定量化发展、发展专用卫星或小卫星阵列等建议。分析了转动部件与太阳阵耦合抑制、高指向精度高稳定度姿态控制、高数据率数据传输、颤振对高光谱成像质量的影响分析及减振、主动微波及可见、红外、紫外谱段高精度地面及在轨定标等实现我国极轨气象卫星发展的关键技术。     

星载激光雷达高精高稳探测卫星系统保证技术

激光雷达探测精度高,具备全天时工作和垂直探测能力,在大气环境天基遥感领域应用广泛。基于CO_2柱线浓度激光遥感探测原理,分析了积分路径差分吸收星载激光雷达测量系统的激光波长、能量精度和稳定性及光轴指向精度等关键指标要求和功能模块配置,重点开展了星载激光雷达光机头部稳定安装、良好机热环境保障及星敏载荷一体化布局等整星层面系统设计保证,仿真结果初步表明设计方案可行。同时,提出了激光雷达波长、能量精度及稳定性实时监测、卫星对地光轴指向高精度测定和星地载荷光轴指向测量误差标定的地面试验验证要求,以确保系统设计的有效性,为激光雷达遥感卫星的研制提供了技术参考。     

高速率遥感卫星接收与处理系统的设计与实现

为成功接收搭载分米级分辨率的SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar,合成孔径雷达）载荷低轨遥感卫星数据,验证卫星载荷工作状态和性能,本项目研发一套Ka/S双频段遥感卫星接收与处理机动站。针对窄波束高动态卫星跟踪、多通道高速率遥感数据星地传输的重难点,本文着重从窄波束高动态目标卫星跟踪、超高速高性能全数字解调以及高精度双模式自适应盲均衡等关键技术进行研究。通过试验验证技术路径正确、措施有效,可为后续相关系统研制提供技术参考。     

提高光学遥感卫星图像几何精度总体设计分析

针对如何提高我国光学遥感卫星图像几何定位精度问题,从影响几何成像质量的关键要素——内外方位元素出发,介绍地面几何处理方法,并基于多颗卫星研制、地面量测试验及在轨验证情况,对高分辨率光学遥感卫星和多线阵观测卫星的几何精度的星-地全链路影响误差项进行对比分析,通过理论分析找出了约束我国高分辨率遥感卫星几何精度的关键问题,最后探讨了如何通过星上设计配合地面处理提高高分辨率遥感卫星的几何精度。     

A Review of Satellite Remote Sensing Monitoring Methods for Sea Surface Oil Spill

Using satellite remote sensing to monitor oil spill on the sea is an advanced means of oil spill monitoring, and it has the characteristics of wide coverage, speediness and real time, synchronization, continuity, and low cost. Hence, accelerating the research on this technology and establishing a satellite remote sensing monitoring mechanism suitable for oil spill emergency situations is of great significance to improve China's oil spill monitoring capability and prevent or reduce the pollution damage caused by oil spill in the marine environment.This paper analyzes and studies the current situation using satellite remote sensing to monitor oil spills at home and abroad. Based on the basic principle of satellite remote sensing, this paper systematically studies the satellite remote sensing monitoring oil spill principles, satellite data processing methods and oil spill information identification, and summarizes an oil spill identification system that can realize oil spill information reproduction. This system provides an important means of support for the handling of oil spill accidents.     

高分辨率卫星结构-控制-光学一体化建模与微振动响应分析

文章针对高分辨率遥感卫星的微振动分析,给出了一种结构-控制-光学一体化建模方法:将微振动干扰源模型、整星结构模型、控制系统模型和光学系统模型按照实际的物理联系连接为一个整体,进而预测空间相机在轨微振动的像移响应和干扰源到像移的传递特性。以某遥感卫星为例,将其微振动下的像移响应和传递特性与工程中的其他处理方法的计算结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:一体化建模分析方法从原理上更接近卫星在轨实际工作情况,能够给出较为合理的微振动分析结果;其他工程处理方法的分析结果均与一体化建模分析方法有差异,使用时应根据设计和分析的具体目的与条件恰当选择。     

Parameters design of vibration isolation platform for control moment gyroscopes

Vibration isolation is a direct and effective approach to improve the ultra-precise pointing capability of a high resolution remote sensing satellite. In this paper, a passive multi-strut vibration isolation platform for the control moment gyroscopes in a pyramid configuration on a satellite is adopted and the parameter design of this platform is discussed. The first step constructs a whole satellite dynamic model including the control moment gyroscopes and the vibration isolation platform with Newton–Euler method, while the analytical control moment gyroscopes disturbance model is derived. The transmissibility matrix of the vibration isolation platform is then obtained, and the frequency domain characteristics of the platform are described, with its influence on the attitude control system analyzed. The third part presents the parameter design method of the vibration isolation platform based on the frequency domain characteristics mentioned above. The stiffness and damping coefficients of this platform are subsequently selected with the above mentioned method. Finally, using these parameters, the performance of the vibration isolation platform on the satellite is testified by integrated simulations. The study shows that parameters of this platform selected based on this method not only satisfy the requirement of vibration isolation but also guarantee that the closed-loop attitude control system remains sufficiently stable.