机内测试虚警分析和控制

现代飞行器广泛采用机内测试(Built-intest,BIT)技术,以便对其内部故障进行自动检测、诊断和隔离,但是常规BIT面临诊断能力不足和诊断模糊性等问题,导致BIT虚警率高,难以有效发挥其应有的作用.本文论述了BIT虚警的基本理论、虚警的危害及现状,并从BIT虚警产生的原因分析入手,提出了解决虚警问题的一些方法和措施.     

Calculating Detection Probabilities for Adaptive Thresholds

In calculating detection probabiities for radar and sonar systems it is usually assumed that the threshold required to yield a certain probability of false alarm is known. This is often not the case for real systems and therefore the threshold must be estimated using some measure related to the test statistic. This paper presents a calculation technique that handles estimated (adaptive) thresholds in a general framework that can be applied easily to many detection problems. False alarm and detection probabilities are calculated from the characteristic function of the noise or signal plus noise variate and the characteristic function of the threshold estimate. To illustrate the method the detection performance of overlapped discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) is calculated for a narrowband Gaussian target signal.     

舵机特征模型及其故障检测方法

舵机故障诊断对于提高飞行安全十分重要,传统方法面临着载荷时变不确定及自身存在速率饱和非线性等难题,往往会给诊断结果带来影响,导致虚警。为解决该问题,提出了一种舵机特征模型及其故障检测方法。首先根据舵机通频带和饱和速率2个外特性建立诊断用特征模型,然后采用状态观测器计算舵机转速和位置的响应参考值,最后根据转速和位置实际值与参考值的残差是否超过预设阈值来判断舵机的电机和驱动器是否发生故障。该方法可以有效避免因舵机载荷不确定及自身速率饱和所引起的虚警,同时,由于特征模型仅与通频带及饱和速率有关,故该方法具有简单、实用性强等显著优点。     

基于改进型CFAR的SAR图像目标检测算法

针对传统的双参数恒虚警率(Constant False Alarm Rate,CFAR)算法存在的虚警率高、实现过程繁琐、算法执行效率低等问题,提出了一种改进型的CFAR检测算法。该算法根据SAR图像的统计直方图,对可疑的目标像素进行预筛选,再用2个滑动窗口对像素进行判别。改进型的CFAR检测算法简化了原检测算法的结构,降低了检测结果的虚警率,提高了算法的计算效率,并在国际公开的雷达数据集上进行软件与DSP硬件的应用验证,测试表明该算法的有效性。     

Model-based vision for automatic alarm interpretation

The further development of a previously reported knowledge-based vision recognition system for automating the interpretation of alarm events resulting from a perimeter intrusion detection system (PIDS) is reported. Measurements extracted over a sequence of digitized images are analyzed to identify the cause of the alarm. Models are maintained for alarm causes, and the scene and the measurements are matched with the models to derive an appropriate classification of the event. An overview of the initial classification system is provided, and modifications to the system are described. The results of applying the system to a range of real alarm events are presented, and further improvements are discussed     

Computation of the Noncentral F Distribution (CFAR)Detection

A formula is given that enables accurate values of the cumulative noncentral F distribution to be calculated. Since it does not seem to be generally known that constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection problems are concerned with evaluating the noncentral F distribution, results using the algorithm are compared with published values obtained using a CFAR algorithm. Both engineers and statisticians are therefore encouraged to consult each other's publications for useful (though maybe disguised) material.     

北斗三号系统卫星自主完好性监测技术

完好性对于全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)来说至关重要,关乎到其能否被放心应用。卫星自主完好性监测(SAIM)技术,是完好性监测技术发展的前沿趋势,国内外卫星导航系统均竞相发展。介绍了北斗三号系统SAIM技术设计与实现的重要意义,从功能设计和实现原理两个方面,阐述了北斗三号SAIM技术体制。针对SAIM实际在轨监测数据的正态分布特性服从程度和长期稳定性等问题,随机选取某一颗中圆轨道(MEO)卫星自2020年7月31日北斗三号系统正式开通服务以来至2021年7月31日连续1年期间的监测数据,得到真实在轨监测数据的分布特性。最后,提出了告警门限优化、分级告警策略设计、星历完好性自主监测等方面的后续发展必要性建议,旨在为北斗系统更好地为全球用户提供更优质的完好性服务提供参考。     

基于信息融合技术的火灾报警方法研究

根据当今火灾探测的现状和实现火灾早期报警的需求,将多传感器数据融合技术应用在火灾报警系统中。在分析了信息融合系统的三级结构及火灾报警信息非结构特性的基础上,以感温、感烟和气体的火灾报警模拟量为输入,利用粗糙集和神经网络对多传感器信号进行融合,设计出一种快速、准确和有效的火灾探测系统,达到了提早报警和降低误报警频次的目的。     

Evaluating Radar Detection Probabilities by Steepest Descent Integration

The probability of detection for radars employing noncoherent integration and a fixed threshold or cell-averaging constant false alarm rate (CA-CFAR) processor is computed by numerical contour integration in the complex plane. The technique is applied to both nonfluctuating and chi-squared fluctuating targets. A bound on the truncation error allows for a simple stopping rule for the numerical integration. The method has applicability to many problems in radar detection theory.     

基于人因工程视角的民机驾驶舱告警系统研究综述

为研究现代民机驾驶舱告警系统的发展历程及应用现状,通过文献综述,以人因工程学为视角,结合事故调查分析、国内外民机驾驶舱告警系统应用进展,了解民机驾驶舱告警系统功能、告警方式和告警类别,总结国内外驾驶舱告警系统概况,分析民机驾驶舱告警系统现存问题。基于驾驶舱告警的适航管理规章要求和机组在飞行任务中的认知需求,探究驾驶舱告警系统的设计需求。结合人因工程领域的研究进展,提出驾驶舱告警系统的改进方向和发展趋势,即民机告警系统设计的及时性和可靠性还存在一定改进空间,驾驶舱告警系统整体结构的设计必须要突出重点,注重自主化及个性化设计,必要时考虑驾驶舱触觉感知的融合,旨在为后续告警系统的总体设计及优化提供参考。     

Are intruder alarm systems effective as crime prevention measures?

Intruder alarm systems, IAS, are seen by many as an essential part of the United Kingdom's defence against the crime of burglary. IAS are intended either to deter the potential intruder or detect and give warning of an intruder directly or indirectly to the police. Unfortunately the false alarm rate, at over 90%, is so high that it leads to ineffectual use of police resources and calls into question the ability of IAS to perform effectively either as a deterrent or detector. To try and improve the situation the Police Forces in the UK have in conjunction with the alarm industry, over the past few years, implemented special measures in an attempt to reduce the number of false alarms and improve the effectiveness of the systems. However, from a study of available data on the deterrent effect of alarm systems, the national statistics for all alarm call types, the numbers of arrests arising from the calls, etc., this paper concludes that IAS on their own are not an effective police crime prevention measure. Thus a radical rethink of their use is required. The paper also suggests an alternative strategy which may improve the situation     

基于时间应力分析的机内测试系统综合降虚警技术

 虚警率高是困扰机内测试（BIT）系统得到广泛应用的主要原因。针对该问题,从机电系统所承受时间应力的角度构建了机内测试系统综合降低虚警技术的总体模型。首先采用双支持向量机（SVM）的方法将实时应力信息与机内测试诊断结果相互关联。在此基础上,提出了基于核主元模糊聚类的虚警识别方法将机电系统多源信息进行综合分析,并通过优化决策实现多级降低机内测试系统虚警的目的。最后,针对某型直升机航空地平仪的机内测试系统进行了试验验证与分析。     

Sensor fusion for intelligent alarm analysis

The purpose of an intelligent alarm analysis system is to provide complete and manageable information to a central alarm station operator by applying alarm processing and fusion techniques to sensor information. This paper discusses the sensor fusion approach taken to perform intelligent alarm analysis for the Advanced Exterior Sensor (AES). The AES is an intrusion detection and assessment system designed for wide-area coverage, quick deployment, low false/nuisance alarm operation, and immediate visual assessment. It combines three sensor technologies (visible, infrared, and millimeter wave radar) collocated on a compact and portable remote sensor module. The remote sensor module rotates at a rate of 1 revolution per second to detect and track motion and provide assessment in a continuous 360° field-of-regard. Sensor fusion techniques are used to correlate and integrate the track data from these three sensors into a single track for operator observation. Additional inputs to the fusion process include environmental data, knowledge of sensor performance under certain weather conditions, sensor priority, and recent operator feedback. A confidence value is assigned to the track as a result of the fusion process. This helps to reduce nuisance alarms and to increase operator confidence in the system while reducing the workload of the operator     

Data quantization effects in CFAR signal detection

In this paper, we investigate data quantization effects in constant false alarm rate (CFAR) signal detection. Exponential distribution for the input data and uniform quantization are assumed for the CFAR detector analysis. Such assumptions are valid in the case of radar for a Swerling I target in Gaussian clutter plus noise and a receiver with analog square-law detection followed by analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. False alarm and detection probabilities of the cell averaging (CA) and order statistic (OS) CFAR detectors operating on quantized observations are analytically determined. In homogeneous backgrounds with 15 dB clutter power fluctuations, we show analytically that a 12-bit uniform quantizer is sufficient to achieve false alarm rate invariance. Detector performance characteristics in nonhomogeneous backgrounds, due to regions of clutter power transitions and multiple interfering targets, are also presented and detailed comparisons are given     

带有编码解码系统的气象报警发射机

本文提出了一种新的气象报警系统，此系统采用数字编码和锁相频率合成技术，使传送信息由原来的１６种提高到４０９６种，实现了异频传送，并具有单呼和群呼功能，可适用于海洋气象报警、森林火灾报警、仓库遇险报警及单独信息交流。     

Adaptive False Alarmrm Regulation in Double Threshold Radar Detection

In practical situations the false alarm probability in double threshold radar detection, sometimes known as binary integration with sliding window detection, is dependent on the nonstationarity and azimuthal correlation of the clutter which is present. Control of the false alarm probability can be achieved, to a certain extent, by the adjustment of the second threshold in the detection process. In this study two adaptive control techniques which are based on the statistical characteristics of the data are compared. Comparing the results for a technique based on first-order statistics with one based on second-order statistics, it is shown that the second-order, or correlation sensitive, technique can give a reduction of 30 to 45 percent in the false alarm probability with no corresponding loss in the detection probability. An interesting aspect of the results is the fact that the effects of the size of the sample area and the bias in the correlation estimator are clearly evident.     

Clutter Map CFAR Analysis

An analysis of the probability of target detection for a clutter map CFAR using digital exponential filtering has been performed. General performance equations are derived. The probability of detection versus signal-to-noise ratio is plotted for a false alarm probability of 1.E-06 for several weight values. The CFAR loss is plotted for a detection probability of 0.9 and false alarm probabilities of 1.E-06 and 1.E-08.     

False Alarm Rate and False Alarm Number for Discrete and Continuous Time Sampling

A comparison of the false alarm rates and false alarm numbers for discrete and continuous time sampling is given for different noise spectrums (rectangular, Hamming, Gaussian, and cosine noise voltage spectrums) and for different sampling rates for the case of discrete time sampling. Also given is the increase in the false alarm rate when going from discrete to continuous time sampling when the detection threshold is held fixed. The amount that the threshold has to be increased for continuous sampling to achieve the same false alarm rate obtained with discrete time sampling is also given.     

A new distributed constant false alarm rate detector

A new constant false alarm rate (CFAR) test termed signal-plus-order statistic CFAR (S+OS) using distributed sensors is developed. The sensor modeling assumes that the returns of the test cells of different sensors are all independent and identically distributed In the S+OS scheme, each sensor transmits its test sample and a designated order statistic of its surrounding observations to the fusion center. At the fusion center, the sum of the samples of the test cells is compared with a constant multiplied by a function of the order statistics. For a two-sensor network, the functions considered are the minimum of the order statistics (mOS) and the maximum of the order statistics (MOS). For detecting a Rayleigh fluctuating target in Gaussian noise, closed-form expressions for the false alarm and detection probabilities are obtained. The numerical results indicate that the performance of the MOS detector is very close to that of a centralized OS-CFAR and it performs considerably better than the OS-CFAR detector with the AND or the OR fusion rule. Extension to an N-sensor network is also considered, and general equations for the false alarm probabilities under homogeneous and nonhomogeneous background noise are presented.     

Determination of Failure Thresholds in Hybrid Navigation

A systematic approach for the determination of failure thresholds for hybrid navigation systems is described. Cost functions which reflect the importance assigned to the consequences of false and missed alarms are minimized. The false alarm probability is obtained as a function of the threshold magnitude by observing the statistical behavior of the instrument outputs in the normal operating mode. The missed alarm probability is obtained by determining the sensitivity of navigation error performance to instrument error sources. Two cost functions are considered. To illustrate this method, failure detection and identification (FDI) thresholds are determined for the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Test flight.