Scientists and arms control in outer space

Scientists have a special responsibility in helping to further the goal of arms control in outer space. Allan Din argues that it is incumbent upon them to study the development of weapons and the arms race, influence policy making at the national and international levels, and publicize the necessity of arms control. The author believes that a treaty controlling use of anti-satellite weapons is urgently required, while a long-term goal must be the formation of an international satellite monitoring agency to regulate use of intelligence-gathering indirect weapons.     

The environmental dimension of space arms control

Current debates on the prevention of an arms race in outer space are dominated by the traditional perspective of international strategic balance. This article addresses the issue through the often-neglected lens of environmental protection, reviewing a number of environmental instruments as they relate to outer space. It argues that environmental protection, as a non-traditional element, is an instrumental impetus for arms control. The current regime leaves the door open for states to develop conventional orbital weapons and ground-based anti-satellite weapons (ASATs), which would have a significant adverse impact on the space environment. Thus the law of environmental protection is deficient in effectively protecting the space environment from pollution resulting from military activities. It is further argued that the space arms control regime should be strengthened for humanity's common interest in a sustainable space environment. Preferably an international treaty should be concluded to prohibit testing, deployment and use of space-based weapons and ASATs. These substantive obligations also conform to the requirements of safeguarding international peace and security, and the security interests of spacefaring countries.     

No deal in space: A bargaining model analysis of U.S. resistance to space arms control

Space systems are essential to the global economy and security. The possibility of disruptions arising from competition between the United States and China through the testing and deployment of weapons in space has led to concerns over an incipient space arms race that would threaten satellites, leading to international calls for a space arms control treaty. The paper presents a rationalist theory analysis on the lack of progress in establishing such a treaty, identifying the United States' position of primacy in the global order and its preeminence in space as a primary cause.     

Arms control and conflict observation satellites

Dr Jasani argues the urgent case for establishing an international satellite monitoring agency, with an arms control and conflict observation satellite (ACCOS). He gives examples of recent technology advances and cites the imminent major development of space weapons by the USA and the USSR as a pressing reason for setting up a verification and crisis control mechanism. Both Europe and the non-aligned nations are in a position to participate in orbiting an ACCOS.     

Protecting safe access to space: Lessons from the first 50 years of space security

Despite predictions to the contrary at various times from 1957 to 2007, the first 50 years of space security have ended without an arms race or military combat. Arguably, the three riskiest years were 1962, 1983, and 2001. Looking for lessons from these cases, we can identify four primary trends that helped states avoid arms races and direct conflicts in orbit: (1) risks of collective “bads”; (2) fear of action–reaction dynamics; (3) the high cost of space weapons; and (4) the asset of transparency. As we look ahead, trends toward a continued focus on these factors in space security seem strong. But successful prevention of future space warfare will require strengthened forms of individual and collective restraint by all actors in space.     

Dominance in space — a new means of exercising global power?

Sustained criticism of the strategy of nuclear deterrence and technological developments in the military uses of space suggest that nuclear weapons may soon be replaced by control of outer space as the USA and USSR's primary instrument of global power. This article traces the change in perceptions of nuclear weapons policy and assesses the potential of outer space as a means of control, and the plans of the two superpowers for its exploitation, especially in the military sphere. The consequences for Western Europe of a shift from nuclear to space-based weapons as the primary guarantor of national security are also discussed.     

Paxsat and progress in arms control : Canadian research focuses on remote sensing applications

Verification of arms control treaties is essential to provide adequate international confidence in treaty compliance. This Viewpoint underlines the responsibility of non-superpower countries to become more closely involved in space surveillance of treaties to which they are parties. In Canada, Paxsat research has focused on two potential applications of space-based remote sensing to multi-lateral arms control verification. The necessary technology is readily available in non-superpower countries for the Paxsat concept to be put into operation.     

浅析高功率微波武器的研究与发展

随着外层空间日益军事化,作为反卫星武器的高功率微波武器的研究与发展备受关注,其军事价值日益显现.对高功率微波武器的作用效能及特点作了详细分析,重点评述了各主要军事强国在高功率微波武器方面的研究情况.最后分析了高功率微波武器的发展趋势.     

The growing ‘securitization’ of outer space

Discussions of space security tend to recurrently return to the vexed issue of the ‘militarization’ and ‘weaponization’ of outer space. Debate over whether or not a sustainable definition can be maintained between these two concepts has been a feature of both academic and policy discourses, and has been particularly contentious with regard to new proposals for arms control in outer space. Yet, this paper argues, the militarization/weaponization debate fails to capture to vagaries of contemporary space policy with regard to understandings of ‘security’, and is in this sense an insufficient way of approaching the subject of space security in the first instance. Instead it is now more accurate to say that outer space is becoming ever more ‘securitized’: that is, access to space is now commonly framed as crucial to the military, economic and environmental security of leading states and international organizations.     

美国空间对抗装备的新进展

简要介绍了美国空间对抗装备的最新发展情况.着重分析了美国近期重点关注的空间武器.指出天基空间态势感知装备、天基反卫反导武器和激光反卫星武器将是美国空间对抗装备的发展方向.     

国外空间攻防武器动力系统技术发展概述

概述了空间攻防武器动力系统研究的重要意义、国外发展情况以及突破的姿／轨控发动机及阀门、贮箱、系统增压等关键技术,并对未来向轻小型化、快响应、高性能、预包装、低冰点、凝胶推进剂和无毒化等方向发展做了预测。     

空间绳网旋转展开动力学分析

针对火工装置直接抛射展开空间绳网方案存在的对卫星平台冲击大、绳网展开后网体构型维持时间短的问题,提出一种基于周置可控旋筒的旋转展开空间绳网系统方案.构建了基于拉格朗日动力学方程的网臂旋转展开解析模型和基于中心差分算法的网臂/网体的旋转展开有限元(FE)仿真模型,并将上述三种模型进行了对比校验.采用解析模型和有限元仿真模...     

The USA and arms control in space: An IR analysis

After years of international stalemate talks on space arms control were finally initiated in Geneva in 2009. The position of the new US administration, however, is still waiting to be defined. This article assesses the advantages and disadvantages of different arms control proposals by looking at them from the perspectives of interdependence theory, neoliberal institutionalism and neo-realism, respectively. They all come to similar conclusions as far as conventional military power and security are concerned: any formal or informal ban on debris-producing activities in space would be highly advantageous to the USA and its allies. When the analysis also takes into account US missile defense policy, however, a neo-realist perspective shows rather mixed results.     

Creating a world space organization: A global approach to mastering space

The USSR has proposed the creation of a World Space Organization for the purpose of research and utilization of space for the common needs of all humanity. By uniting forces, the nations on Earth can master space more quickly and successfully, and at the same time avoid an arms race in space. The author describes the goals of the proposed organization, and why it should be given serious attention.     

反卫星武器发展的相关问题研究

随着卫星在现代战争中的作用日益增强,空间已成为各国新的战略制高点.介绍了反卫星武器系统的概念及结构,并对未来反卫星武器的发展建设从技术角度进行了分析与研究,最后对当前发展反卫星武器面临的问题进行了深入的剖析.     

国产化高可靠多路绝缘电阻测试仪

国产化高可靠多路绝缘电阻测试仪是采用单片机87C51控制技术设计的新一代高质量产品,属于多路点对点之间绝缘电阻检测的通用自动化测试设备。本产品在可靠性、电磁兼容性等方面经过了全面而严格的试验验证,满足了航天工业标准方面的严格要求。它不但适用于航天领域各种武器及运载工具的自动化测控系统,也适用于其它工业自动化测控领域。     

自由浮动空间双臂机器人抓持内力的优化控制

运用非线性规划方法，提出了一种本体位置、姿态均不受控的自由浮动空间双臂机器人的内力优化与控制策略。首先根据空间双臂机器人及负载的动力学方程，建立了抓持系统合成动力学方程，进而将机器人各手臂关节广义驱动力矩的范数作为目标函数，内力作为优化变量，采用了序列一次规划法来解决空间机器人的动态内力优化计算问题，并对双臂六自由度空间机器人进行了内力优化控制仿真实验，结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

The export of space technology : Prospects and dangers

The export market for space technology, goods and services is still in its infancy, but trends indicate definite economic growth in prospect. Private companies are increasingly keen to find a foothold or increase their share in the ever widening market. National goverments are undertaking a variety of measures to help and encourage them in the export of space technology. Competition for the older US producers is sharpening from foreign firms. Political conflict is arising based on this competition and on the potential dual use of some space technologies for civilian and military purposes. The main Western industrialized countries have recently agreed on common Guidelines to control the export of launcher technology that could be used for delivering nuclear weapons. The ‘Guidelines for Sensitive Missile-Relevant Transfer’ will affect the export of much space technology and equipment.     

空间大质量目标转位操作双臂协调控制方法

针对空间中双臂协调转位过程中面临的双臂异构、刚度不同、负载较大、测量/执行误差影响大、抓捕位置随机偏差等问题，提出了一种空间大质量目标转位操作双臂协调控制方法。首先基于双臂转位的几何约束，进行协调转位运动规划。然后，将双机械臂关节划分为主动关节和从动关节，并对主动关节设计关节位置控制器，对从动关节设计零力控制器，从动关节在转位目标的拖动力下进行跟随运动。最后，数学仿真表明了所提出的双臂协调转位方法的有效性。