T cell regulation in microgravity – The current knowledge from in vitro experiments conducted in space,parabolic flights and ground-based facilities

Dating back to the Apollo and Skylab missions, it has been reported that astronauts suffered from bacterial and viral infections during space flight or after returning to Earth. Blood analyses revealed strongly reduced capability of human lymphocytes to become active upon mitogenic stimulation. Since then, a large number of in vitro studies on human immune cells have been conducted in space, in parabolic flights, and in ground-based facilities. It became obvious that microgravity affects cell morphology and important cellular functions. Observed changes include cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction and gene expression. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of T cell regulation under altered gravity conditions obtained by in vitro studies with special emphasis on the cell culture conditions used. We propose that future in vitro experiments should follow rigorous standardized cell culture conditions, which allows better comparison of the results obtained in different flight- and ground-based experiment platforms.     

Detection of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos by radio method using artificial lunar satellites

An estimate of the feasibility of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray and neutrino detection using a lunar satellite-borne radio receiver is presented. The data obtained in the proposed experiment will make resolving the current contradictions in the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray spectra measured with the major ground-based instruments possible. Moreover, they will enable us to considerably extend the accessible energy range and to check predictions of various models of the origin of the highest-energy particles in the Universe. At the same time the lunar radio detector provides a means of searching for ultrahigh-energy neutrinos with a high sensitivity combined with a very large target effective mass.     

Nitrogen Dioxide Variations Caused by Penetration of Solar Protons into the High-Latitude Atmosphere

The results of spectroscopic measurements of the NO₂ total content during the solar proton event of the GLE (Ground Level Event) type on May 2, 1998, at the Murmansk (" = 64.5°) and Sodankyla (" = 63.7°) stations are presented. The vertical profiles of the nitrogen oxide (NO) distribution in the stratosphere according to the UARS satellite data during another GLE event on July 14, 2000, are also presented. It is shown that the high-energy solar protons penetrating into the atmosphere lead to a considerable increase in the nitrogen oxide concentration and the GLE on May 2, 1998, resulted in an increase of the NO₂ total content according to the ground-based observations at high latitudes. It is worth noting that no decrease of the total ozone content (TOC) was recorded during these proton events according to the ground-based measurements at high latitudes. The corresponding calculations of the nitrogen oxide changes during proton events based on the homogeneous photochemical theory are presented. The interrelation between all the quantities measured, as well as their relation to the calculated values, is considered. It is shown that a considerable increase of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere does not always result in an ozone concentration depletion. The results presented indicate a need to provide simultaneous ground-based and satellite measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone at high latitudes.     

在地面上用磁性液体制造流体的超重、失重和微重力环境

磁力和重力均为非接触的力，当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相同时，磁性液体处于超重状态；当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相反时，磁性液体处于失重状态；当作用于磁性液体上磁力和重力相互抵消，磁性液体呈饱和磁化状态且处在均匀梯度磁场区域中时，磁性液体被表面张力约束成球体，磁性液体处于微重力状态。这一发现使我们在地面上能经济的、方便的、长时间的制造流体的小区域微重力环境，为研究微重力状态下的流体科学、生命科学，材料加工和器件开发等提供了新的方法。     

地基光学图像中本体-帆板结构航天器姿态估计方法

提出一种利用地基光学图像估计空间目标姿态的方法。针对本体-帆板结构航天器外形结构特点，定义了一种不易遮挡的两轴结构特征，设计了地基光学图像中该特征的提取方法；根据航天器成像过程建立了特征点二三维几何投影方程，实现了航天器三维姿态的解算。利用单站序列图像，可获得航天器姿态变化角速度信息。在轨航天器的试验结果表明，本方法能有效地从地基光学图像估计出航天器姿态。     

国外中继卫星对航天器交会对接的测控通信支持

中继卫星系统的天基测控通信是近代航天技术的重大突破,它能够有效地满足航天器交会对接的测控通信需要。文章分析了美国＂跟踪与数据中继卫星系统＂（TDRSS）和欧洲＂阿特米斯＂（ARTEMIS）中继卫星对＂自动转移飞行器＂（ATV）与＂国际空间站＂（ISS）交会对接任务的测控通信支持,总结了国外中继卫星系统支持航天器交会对接...     

Space-time structure of ion-cyclotron waves in the topside ionosphere as observed onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">ST</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">5</Emphasis> satellites

Results of observations of ion-cyclotron (IC) waves onboard the ST-5 satellites in the topside ionosphere (heights from a few hundred up to thousands of km) are presented. In this project, three identical micro-satellites were located during three months in 2006 in almost identical orbits with distances between them from first thousands to hundreds of km. All ion-cyclotron wave packets detected by two-three probes were observed at crossing one and the same latitude, which manifests their narrow localization in latitude with a characteristic scale from the first tens to 100 km. In no event IC waves were recorded with comparable amplitudes by all three satellites. At the same time, in the case of ST-5 flight near the ground-based induction magnetometer, a long emission in the same frequency range on the ground corresponded to a burst of IC waves in the topside ionosphere. This can indicate to the fact that an IC instability develops not continuously, but in the pulsing regime with a characteristic time of up to ∼10 min. A change in the rotation direction when a satellite crosses the wave structure is a characteristic feature of the polarization structure of registered transverse waves. The detected effects are discussed from the point of view of the existing models of generation and waveguide propagation of IC waves.     

GNSS地基集成测试与开发环境

GNSS地基集成测试与开发环境可测试和监测GPS,GLONASS,GALI-LEO等多种导航星座的空间信号,更重要的是测试和认证各种新型接收机和应用产品的性能和指标。同时为新的GNSS系统投入运行前进行必要的信号结构试验、接收机试验等。本文从集成测试与开发环境建立动机和目标入手,重点阐述了其运行模式、系统结构、测试区域选择标准,并进行了逼真度分析以及系统规划。以期对我国自主研发GNSS集成测试与开发环境做些探索性工作。     

Towards an effective and adequately verifiable PPWT

The 2008 Russia–China proposal to the Conference on Disarmament on preventing space weapons has attracted wide attention. Lengthy debates have been made on the need for such a treaty and for two of its most disputed elements, namely prohibition of ground-based anti-satellite weapons and verification. This article argues that, regardless of verifiability, such a treaty is urgently needed for the benefit of international peace and security, and for the security interests of spacefaring countries. But in order to serve these purposes effectively, the treaty should at least explicitly prohibit testing, deployment and use of space-based weapons and ground-based anti-satellite weapons. Given the necessary political will, it is feasible to “adequately verify” these constraints. The verification regime should permit the incorporation of new measures in the future, combine international technical means and national technical means, combine remote-sensing technologies and on-site inspections, and be complemented by transparency and confidence-building measures.     

基于低轨卫星增强的非差高精度导航定位技术与在轨试验验证

随着自动驾驶、精密农业等领域的发展,各领域对高精度导航定位的需求不断增加。在地基增强技术、高轨星基增强技术和传统非差精密单点定位技术的基础上,提出了一种基于低轨卫星增强的非差高精度导航定位技术,研制了基于低轨导航增强技术的低轨导航增强载荷,开发了基于低轨卫星增强的地面自适应卡尔曼滤波非差高精度定位软件,并进行了全球首次基于低轨卫星的信号信息一体化导航增强在轨试验。试验表明:经低轨卫星增强后,地面终端用户定位精度优于30 cm。最后,给出了该技术的后续研究方向,为未来低轨导航增强系统与其他增强系统协同工作,实现广泛应用奠定了基础。     

星载辐射计动平衡概述及在轨动平衡技术研究

作为卫星在轨对地探测的有效载荷,星载辐射计在轨扫描转动时的动平衡特性直接影响卫星在轨探测精度和姿态稳定度。文章介绍星载辐射计动平衡技术研究现状和发展趋势,并基于现有地面动平衡技术的局限和型号发展需求提出在轨动平衡技术的初步设想,阐述了在轨动平衡配平技术、测量技术和实时调整反馈控制技术,可为今后类似旋转式星载辐射计的动平衡设计和动平衡控制方法提供参考依据。     

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的空间目标双星定位方法

利用双星对空间目标的观测角进行目标定位,可以很好地避免地基探测系统探测弧段短的缺点。研究了基于动力学滤波的双星定位方法,介绍了无迹卡尔曼滤波的基本原理,建立了考虑地球非球形J2项引力摄动的空间目标动力学方程和基于无偏量测转换的双星观测方程。通过仿真比较两种滤波方法在相同条件下对目标的定位误差,可知无迹卡尔曼滤波方法在收敛速度和定位精度上均优于扩展卡尔曼滤波方法。     

地基模拟空间碎片速度测试技术

碎片速度测试技术是地基空间碎片模拟设备系统中的一项关键技术。文章对于毫米尺寸碎片的测速技术,介绍了电探针方法、激光遮断法、磁感应方法、X闪光照相以及激光干涉测速技术（VISAR）等;压电传感器方法、超高速条文摄影法及散射光法等微米级碎片,测速方法。通过介绍这些测速方法的基本原理及应用范围,并对相应的系统性能进行评价,可以为相关研究提供参考。另外,对常用的毫米和微米级空间碎片的地基驱动设备及其技术参数也进行了介绍。     

Response and adaptation of bone cells to simulated microgravity

Bone loss induced by microgravity during space flight is one of the most deleterious factors on astronaut’s health and is mainly attributed to an unbalance in the process of bone remodeling. Studies from the space microgravity have demonstrated that the disruption of bone remodeling is associated with the changes of four main functional bone cells, including osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, and mesenchymal stem cells. For the limited availability, expensive costs and confined experiment conditions for conducting space microgravity studies, the mechanism of bone cells response and adaptation to microgravity is still unclear. Therefore, some ground-based simulated microgravity methods have been developed to investigate the bioeffects of microgravity and the mechanisms. Here, based on our studies and others, we review how bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and mesenchymal stem cells) respond and adapt to simulated microgravity.     

Is space global disaster warning and monitoring now nearing reality?

It is now well established that the annual cost of natural disasters world-wide is in excess of $400 billion. Support of relief agencies and governments depends on the timely receipt of information on the scale and nature of these disasters, and much of this information comes from ground-based sources. It is also recognised, however, that significant input could be provided by space-based sensor systems, both for disaster warning as well as disaster monitoring. Recent major disasters have demonstrated that the scale of devastation cannot adequately be monitored from ground-based information sources alone. This paper addresses current developments in a study to provide a global space-based monitoring and information system, with the associated ability to provide advanced warning of many types of disaster. Also addressed are the latest developments in sensor technology (optical, IR, Radar) including a UK initiative in high resolution imaging from a microsatellite, the logistics and cost of such a system and the feasibility of using communications networks for providing the infrastructure for such a system.     

一种基于天文测速的火星捕获段天地联合导航方法

为提高火星捕获段探测器的导航精度,提出一种基于天文测速的天地联合导航方法。该方法在地面无线电测距、测速的基础上,引入探测器与恒星的视向速度作为新增观测量,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)对探测器状态进行估计。理论分析与仿真结果均表明,与仅依靠地面无线电导航相比,采用基于天文测速的天地联合观测导航方法能有效提高探测器的位置与速度估计精度,且导航精度的提升效果与马尔柯夫最优估计理论的预测值有较好的吻合度。当天文测速精度与地面测速精度相当时,位置估计精度较地面无线电导航提高了近一倍。     

Rapid assessment of radiobiological doses for terrestrial and interplanetary space missions

This paper presents the doses levels expected in orbits in chart form, covering the range 300-800 km of altitude and 0-90 degrees of inclination behind shieldings similar to the Hermes spacecraft and the EVA spacesuit matter distributions. These charts allow users to rapidly find the radiobiological dose received in the most critical organs of the human body either in normal situations or during a large solar event. Outside the magnetosphere, during interplanetary or lunar missions, when the dose received during crossing of the radiation belts become negligible, the dose is due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar flares. The correct radiobiological assessment of the components of this radiation field becomes a major problem. On the Moon a permanent ground-based station can be shielded by lunar materials against meteoroids and radiations. The radiobiological hazard, essentially linked to the solar flare risk during the transfer phase and the extra-station activities, may be solved by mission planning. For interplanetary flights the problem comes from both increased risk of solar events and from the continuous exposure to GCR. These energetic particles cannot be easily stopped by shieldings; cost considerations imply that more effective materials must be used. Impact on the vehicle design and the mission planning is important.     

不同推力下的非合作空间目标轨道机动检测

针对非合作空间目标轨道机动检测问题,创新性地提出具备普适性的不同推力下的轨道机动检测算法与检测流程。首先给出不同推力作用下轨道机动动力学模型,在此基础上提出普适性轨道机动检测策略,包括：全模型地基与天基观测数据仿真策略,数据处理软件平台,脉冲推力、连续大推力与连续小推力轨道检测算法与流程,精度评估策略。该策略利用不同推力作用下的检测算法与流程,可以满足多数非合作目标轨道机动检测需求。结合地基与天基观测数据,仿真分析不同推力下的非合作目标轨道机动检测情况与轨道精度恢复情况,结果表明该策略能对轨道机动进行有效检测,为工程实际提供了有益借鉴。     

弹道导弹防御的信息获取系统

概述了弹道导弹防御的信息获取系统,包括天基信息获取系统、地基信息获取系统以及指挥控制系统等。