星用C频段50W固态功率放大器设计

为了满足通信卫星对于固态功率放大器高功率、高效率、高集成的要求，文章提出了一种星用C频段固态功率放大器的设计方法。首先通过采用半导体单片集成电路芯片，对射频电路进行创新性设计，将电调衰减、数字增益控制、功率放大等功能集成在一个模块中，实现功率放大器的高集成；其次，通过整机热设计，并结合红外热像仪测试，优化高功率氮化镓器件的散热途径，在实现整机大功率输出的同时，保证整机的高可靠应用；最后，对电源电路进行优化设计，使得固放电源具备高效率、高稳定的特点，为射频电路提供稳定的供电。温度循环、热真空等试验结果表明，所研制的C频段50W固放性能稳定、可靠性高，满足星载应用要求。     

高压大功率S3MPR电源控制器设计与验证

针对航天器平台一级能源变换高压大功率的应用需求,采用并联式DC/DC变换器的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)拓扑结构,设计一种顺序开关分流最大功率调节(S~3MPR)电源控制器。为了解决传统S~3MPR技术的算法电路复杂、跟踪精度低等问题,兼顾航天器应用环境的特殊性,通过采用模拟电路实现的方式设计出一种基于交错扰动方法的MPPT控制算法电路。该算法可以实现太阳电池阵电压电流输出较大范围内精确跟踪其最大功率输出。研制了5 kW功率(10路太阳电池阵)的原理样机对设计进行试验验证,结果表明:电源控制器性能良好,满足高压大功率航天器平台的应用需求。     

一种用于卫星载荷集总供电的大功率电源

为了适应移动通信卫星发展过程中采用的多波束形成技术的需求，节约体积和质量，具备集总供电功能的电源组件应运而生。其中的大功率电源是电源组件的核心部件，其主要功能为将星上的一次母线电压转换成低噪放等100余路负载所需要的各路稳定电压，使各路负载与一次母线实现隔离；响应开关机遥控指令提供开关机控制，提供电源开关机状态遥测数据；对整机提供过流保护、欠压保护、无负压关机等各种保护功能，使加电和断电时序满足负载的特殊时序要求；同时在一次母线端及输出电压端提供良好的滤波，以达到较好的电磁兼容特性。文章结合系统指标进行了需求分析，给出了一种适用于集总供电需求的低电压大电流大功率星载电源的设计方案；通过对主要设计指标和产品性能的描述，给出了部分仿真结果和实验测试结果，验证了该大功率电源性能的优越性和可靠性。     

基于非隔离型Weinberg变换器的放电调节单元分析与应用

文章以高压、大功率的载人航天器电源控制系统放电调节单元为应用背景,分析了非隔离型Weinberg变换器的拓扑特点、工作模态及小信号模型,对采用稳压环和限流环并联控制的环路进行建模、稳定性分析及验证测试。结果表明,基于非隔离型Weinberg变换器的放电调节单元具有良好的电能转换特性,能满足载人航天器电源新型应用的要求。     

适用于30cm离子推力器的5kW电源处理单元设计

为了满足更大范围的卫星应用需求,我国正在研制30cm离子推力器。30cm离子推力器瞄准全电推进卫星平台、近深空探测器对推进任务的需求,对提高卫星平台先进性和提升国际竞争力具有重要的意义。为了配合30cm离子推力器的研制,同时设计了输出功率达到5kW的电源处理单元。该设计实现了一种输出功率为1kW的模块,通过串联组合可以达到输出5kW功率要求,提出了一种"最佳"的平顶变换及软开关的全桥电路拓扑,达到了95%的转换效率,同时还能容易实现屏栅电源的N+1冗余设计。并且通过高压组件的完全灌封,有效提高产品的可靠性。     

一种大功率SAR卫星电源系统设计

SAR卫星电源系统具有大功率脉冲供电、响应速度快的特点。文章分析和总结了国外SAR卫星供电拓扑结构,提出了一种具有并网供电功能的双母线SAR卫星供电拓扑结构。通过在平台母线和SAR载荷母线之间的并网控制器,实现故障时SAR载荷母线对平台负载并网供电,提高了供电可靠性。文章还给出了并网控制器在轨使用策略,地面和在轨测试验证了电源系统设计的正确性,可为我国后续大功率SAR卫星电源系统设计提供参考。     

一种星载多路输出电源控制环路设计

由于星载多路输出电源工作过程对稳定性要求较高，工程上很难建立准确的环路模型，针对设计难点，提出了基于开关网络平均建模法的BUCK+半桥多路输出变换器闭环控制方案，结合具体电源指标对参数进行了验证，结果满足设计要求，该电源控制环路设计对于卫星二次电源工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

航天器百千瓦级分布式可重构电源系统设计

随着大功率通信卫星、高分辨率SAR卫星、大功率电推进航天器、核动力航天器、大型在轨服务站等对超大功率能源系统需求不断增强,100 kW超大功率电源系统成为未来大功率航天器电源系统的发展趋势。文章结合航天器电源系统研究基础,对100 kW电源系统的高压、大功率、分布式的任务特点进行分析,设计一种分布式可重构电源系统,提出了系统拓扑架构和相应的控制策略,并对高压大功率变换控制技术、多通道能源管理技术、高压大功率元器件技术和系统可靠性、安全性技术进行研究。对文章提出的电源系统进行软件建模和仿真,结果表明:100 kW电源系统拓扑架构和管理控制策略合理可行,系统稳定性较好,鲁棒性强,可为后续大功率航天器电源系统研究和设计提供参考。     

空间核电源系统整流装置设计

为满足我国未来深空探测、星表基地等空间任务电源系统的需求,针对空间核电源系统,为解决高压高频输入导致高谐波输出的问题,本文提出了利用12脉波整流器来实现交直流变换。在本文的拓扑结构中,重点研究三相三绕组隔离型变压器、三抽头平衡电抗器及LLC谐振变换器的参数设计。通过三相三绕组隔离型变压器产生30°相位差的两组电压,进而产生12脉波,三抽头平衡电抗器可以改善输出侧的电能质量。本文利用LLC谐振电路实现隔离降压,使输出更稳定,并采用Matlab中的Simulink对提出的拓扑进行仿真验证。验证成功后,对整流装置硬件进行搭建,实现了空间核电源系统整流装置的设计。结果表明:该拓扑不仅可以达到稳定的直流输出,而且具有高功率因数校正的特点。     

星载双行波管放大器的高效率Buck电路设计

行波管放大器具有可靠性高、输出功率大、宽频带、寿命长、线性度高等诸多优点，在星载大功率部件中扮演着重要角色。为了实现星载行波管放大器的轻量化和高效率，文章设计了一种星载大功率双行波管放大器用电源。通过优化设计Buck电路辅助开关管的工作时序，推导出了时序电路的优化设计公式，选用高饱和磁通密度的磁芯来合理设计辅助电感量，使双行波管放大器电源在整个宽负载范围下均实现了Buck电路的软开关工作，给出了满载下Buck电路的软开关实验波形。实验结果表明该设计可以显著提高双行波管电源中Buck电路的效率，整个负载范围内的效率均高于95%，最高效率达到了97.5%，降低了放大器的电源功耗，提高了双行波管放大器的整机效率和可靠性，降低了载荷的重量。     

航天器电源系统大功率智能配电技术

随着航天器功能的增多和容量的增大,对电源系统的配置、管理、故障检测与诊断以及可靠性和可维修性都提出了更高的要求,促使航天器配电技术向着大功率和智能化方向发展。文章介绍了“天宫一号”目标飞行器电源系统采用的大功率智能配电单元,并在此基础上提出了智能能源管理单元设计。通过采用智能数据处理、固态功率控制等改进技术,将大功率智能配电系统进一步提升和完善,拓展其应用领域,以满足未来载人航天和深空探测任务发展的需要。     

新型大功率高效率空间行波管电源

空间行波管放大器是通信、导航、数传等卫星中重要的功率放大部件。行波管电源是其重要组成部分，在接近50多年的行波管电源研发和制造历史中，行波管电源总体向着高效率、小体积、轻重量、高功率的方向不断发展。提出一种新型大功率高效率空间行波管电源，采用Buck+推挽两级式拓扑结构，低压采用一种新型Buck变换器，通过无损缓冲的方式，实现了Buck变换器各个开关管的软开关；高压采用谐振推挽的拓扑结构，实现了开关管的软开关，使行波管电源效率达到了94%，并在一台500W的样机中进行了实验验证，使行波管电源的体积、重量和效率指标得到进一步提升，为行放电源的小型化、高效率奠定了坚实的基础。     

无线能量传输的核心功率器部件挑战与进展

微波无线能量传输系统中高功率微波发射、高效率微波整流是共性关键技术，其中高效率微波整流是区别于传统无线系统的专项技术。首先，从两类4种微波功率源国内外典型产品技术方案、成果水平开展论述；系统探讨了二极管、三极管及电真空器件整流技术发展现状及研究热点。其次，针对微波无线传能系统高效率、高动态、高集成、长寿命多功能公用传能建设等技术挑战，提出了应对策略和解决途径；最后，进一步凝练和规划了面向空间高功率微波无线能量传输系统的关键技术、核心产品，并对我国无线功率传输的核心器部件及系统构架做出展望。     

星载大功率GaN固态功放寿命评估方法

近年来大功率氮化镓（GaN）固态功放开始逐步星载应用,但产品可靠性仍未得到充分验证。文章提出利用加速寿命试验（ALT）和在轨工作情况相结合的方法进行大功率GaN固态功放寿命评估。首先利用故障模式、机理及影响分析（FMMEA）确定固态功放的薄弱环节和主要失效机理;然后基于阿仑尼乌斯（Arrhenius）模型研究加速寿命试验激活能和加速应力的取值方法,对产品进行75 ℃、10 000 h的加速寿命试验;最后综合加速寿命试验结果和在轨工作情况对GaN固态功放进行寿命评估。评估结果显示:该产品45 ℃条件下在轨工作时,平均无故障时间（MTTF）为1.26×106 h,失效率为7.93×10-7,15年工作可靠度为0.901。     

Nuclear power supplies in orbit

There are four dozen potentially dangerous radioactive satellites orbiting the Earth today. Currently planned launches will vastly increase their number, resulting in over three metric tons of fuel and fission products in orbit by the year 2000. This article describes the nuclear power supply systems used by both the USA and the USSR, and the actual and potential hazards and accidents involved. The author suggests that a programme for retrieving the majority of nuclear supplies in space is both necessary and economically possible.     

Can power from space compete?

This report summarizes the findings of a report entitled Can Power from Space Compete? produced for NASA by Resources for the Future (RFF). In considering how well satellite solar power (SSP) is likely to compete in the market for electricity from the present to 2020, it finds that neither perceived shortages of fossil fuel nor climate change factors are likely to be major issues in this time frame. Moreover, the high costs of SSP and possible concerns over public health and national security will continue to constrain its development. This does not mean, however, that R&D into the subject should cease; it may well have a future in the short term when applied to non-terrestrial systems. The full report is available at http://www.rff.org.     

Venus surface power and cooling systems

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.     

Space solar power vs space communications

To meet the future needs of energy on Earth, the transmission of solar power from space is being extensively studied. Since the power station will occupy a position in the geostationary orbit and will use radio frequency spectrum for transmission of energy to Earth, the relative benefits of space solar power and space communications should be considered. The resource allocation of orbit-spectrum to a power station requires a sacrifice from space communications as they both utilize similar limited resources. The power station is to energy what communication is to information. While the cost of energy is going up, the cost of information processing, storage, sharing and transmission is decreasing. Also, increased means of communication are used as a measure of energy conservation. With the advent of computer communication and the Large Scale Integrated (LSI) microprocessors, the technique of multiple access, message switching and satellite switching can be cost-effectively combined. The computer-satellite communication will allow information resource sharing among large numbers of users besides the conventional application of space communications. Since space communication means work effectively in many other areas where ultimate energy use and conservation is possible, the space solar power will not be able to compete or substitute on the basis of equality and social benefits. But, as the transmission technology is similar for both areas, the R & D effort for solar power will certainly increase efficiency and reduce cost for space communications.     

The USSR and space power plants

The American idea of a Solar Power Satellite was proposed for the first time in 1968 by Peter Glaser in a famous article in Science. This concept has since been the subject of many theoretical studies, and of some limited practical studies (mainly about microwave energy transmission) in the USA with funding from NASA and the Department of Energy (DOE). Some evaluations have been also conducted in Western Europe, particularly within the European Space Agency (ESA). But very little is generally known about the attitude towards SPS of the second main space power: the USSR. Soviet literature on SPS is much less abundant, but it does exist. Very interesting articles on the subject have been written by leading Soviet space experts. Some of these articles are analysed here, and the practical meanings of the ex[ressed opinions, generally very favourable, are investigated in view of the growing Soviet space capability.