高超飞行器尖前缘材料发展及相关气动热试验

回顾了高超声速飞行器建立的几种热防护系统,简要分析了吸气式发动机高超声速飞行器尖前缘的热环境特点及相应防热材料发展的趋势,介绍了近20年来美国在吸气式发动机高超声速飞行器相关研究中所开展的Hytech、X43A及NGLT等三个研究项目,重点介绍这些研究项目中尖前缘材料的发展以及进行的气动热试验.     

乘波飞行器的优化设计和气动热计算研究

以高超声速技术为研究背景,开展高超声速乘波飞行器设计方法研究.在已有乘波构型生成方法基础上,采用相交楔锥生成多级压缩的乘波构形.并通过对乘波器的前缘进行钝化,进行了气动热特性数值研究.使乘波体在气动力层面上具有尖前缘,保持高升阻比特性,而在气动热层面上具有钝前缘,降低气动加热强度.结果表明,这为高超声速飞行器的气动防热设计开辟了新途径.     

高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计的启示

机体/推进一体化设计是吸气式高超声速飞行器的关键技术。飞行器的前体和后体既是主要的气动型面,又是发动机进气道的外压缩型面和尾喷管的膨胀型面,一体化设计直接影响飞行器的气动与发动机性能。本文阐述了吸气式高超声速飞行器的主要特点,梳理了飞行器的推阻匹配、升阻比特性、操稳匹配等主要气动设计问题。通过对国外典型高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计技术的综合分析,总结了前体/进气道、后体/尾喷管、边界层强制转捩装置等关键部件的气动设计方法,获得了有意义的启示,可为后续吸气式高超声速技术研究提供重要参考。     

一种给定容积空间的乘波构型参数化设计方法

乘波构型高超声速飞行器布局具有高升阻比的优点,但有效容积低和尖锐前缘使其在实际工程应用中受限。为弥补乘波构型飞行器有效容积低的不足,提出了一种乘波构型上表面参数化设计方法,同时开展了前缘钝化研究,采用增加前缘材料的方法进行钝化。分析了上表面不同设计参数对乘波构型飞行器容积率和气动性能的影响,研究了飞行器气动特性随迎角和马赫数的变化规律。计算结果表明,钝化后的经给定容积上表面设计的乘波构型有效提升了有效容积及容积率,并且仍能保持良好的乘波特性。数值仿真结果表明容积效率和气动性能是相互矛盾的关系,需要根据实际情况进行权衡。对于给定有效容积上表面设计的乘波构型高超声速飞行器,适合在一定范围的正迎角下飞行,并且能在较大的马赫数范围内保持优良的气动特性。研究可为提升高超声速乘波飞行器有效容积提供参考,提高了乘波构型飞行器的工程应用性。     

风洞非均匀流场中的一体化高超声速飞行器缩比模型气动性能研究

准确预测气动推进性能是吸气式高超声速飞行器研究的重要挑战之一。针对CARDC吸气式高超声速实验室（AHL）自主设计的一体化高超声速飞行器风洞试验模型,通过数值模拟计算,研究了CARDC600mm脉冲燃烧风洞的流场,并与试验结果做了对比,确定了试验模型在风洞中的合理安装位置,分析了带舵面飞行器在进气道打开、发动机不工作情况下的气动性能,对比研究了试验模型部分处于风洞流场非均匀区时,风洞结果对模型气动性能产生的影响,对比了数值计算结果和风洞试验结果。结果为利用风洞试验结果准确分析飞行器气动性能提供了重要依据。     

推力耦合的高超声速飞行器气动伺服弹性研究

对于采用吸气式超燃冲压发动机的高超声速飞行器,其发动机推力可能与机身弹性发生耦合影响,从而引起所谓的推力耦合气动伺服弹性(ASE)问题。为对其耦合原理及影响进行研究,以简化的飞行器纵向模型为对象,考虑结构弹性、非定常气动力、冲压发动机以及控制系统之间的相互耦合作用,建立了推力耦合的高超声速飞行器气动伺服弹性问题的一般建模框架和分析流程。采用牛顿冲击理论计算高超声速非定常气动力,基于准一维流动假设分析发动机性能。算例结果表明,考虑发动机推力的耦合影响后,飞行器的短周期特性和气动伺服弹性特性均有明显改变,气动伺服弹性稳定裕度下降可达16%,应当引起飞行控制系统设计部门的重视。     

典型气动问题试验方法研究的综述

吸气式高超声速飞行器机体与推进系统高度一体化,飞行器内外流场复杂及相互影响,地面试验模拟技术难度大,有必要开展风洞试验方法研究。本文简要分析了吸气式高超声速飞行器的主要气动问题和试验需求。针对机体/推进一体化性能试验、边界层强制转捩试验与尖锐前缘电弧风洞等三类典型试验,梳理了国内外相关风洞试验的研究思路,提出了上述三类典型风洞试验应模拟的参数,对地面试验难以模拟的重要参数进行了影响分析。根据现有试验设施的模拟能力,总结了三类典型风洞试验方法,并提出了机体/推进一体化性能数据准确获取的有效方法。     

宽包线吸气式高超声速飞行器外形优化研究

针对吸气式宽包线高超声速飞行器的气动优化问题，基于任务要求建立了基于多点权重分配的气动外形优化模型，并采用“CFD+准一维流”方法开展了气动性能分析。为兼顾气动外形优化的效率与精度，通过改进现有的并行加点策略，发展了一套基于代理模型与梯度算法的分层优化框架，并采用函数算例对改进后的加点策略进行了验证。对吸气式高超声速飞行器的气动外形进行了分层优化，在满足各学科约束的情况下使飞行器在各个优化评估点处的气动性能均有所提升。     

乘波构型钝化方法分析及性能研究

基于乘波构型设计高升阻比飞行器是新型高超声速飞行器布局设计的一种有效途径。受热防护系统设计和材料加工工艺等限制,实际应用中需要对乘波构型具有的尖前缘进行钝化。本文针对移除材料和增加材料两种边缘钝化方法进行了对比研究,分析了两种方法的共同点,并采用典型外形阐明了这一共性。在此基础上,基于移除材料方法对典型外形进行了一致钝化和非一致边缘钝化,利用CFD方法对两种钝化外形气动性能进行了仿真分析。流场计算表明:和一致边缘钝化相比,非一致边缘钝化有效降低了下表面高压气体向上表面的渗透,提高了外形所受的升力,降低了边缘所受的阻力,从而提高了钝化外形的升阻比;尖前缘乘波构型最大升阻比位于零度迎角,而钝化之后乘波构型最大升阻比在2°迎角附近取得;随着迎角的增大,钝化外形升阻比变化趋势和尖前缘外形变化趋势一致,非一致钝化乘波构型气动性能和尖前缘乘波构型气动性能较接近,非一致钝化方法得到外形的气动性能优于一致钝化外形。研究可为高超声速乘波飞行器的钝化修形设计提供参考依据。     

壁面催化对高超声速飞行器气动特性影响

针对高超声速流动中的高温真实气体效应,采用数值模拟求解三维N-S方程的方法研究了壁面催化对高超声速飞行器气动特性的影响规律。研究发现:对于文中所选两类高超声速飞行器———大钝头CEV再入飞行器和仿HTV2高升阻比升力体飞行器,壁面催化对表面压力影响均较小,对剪切应力的影响在飞行器不同部位表现不同:在头部和前缘等强压缩区域,壁面催化对表面剪切力影响明显,在大面积和背风区位置,壁面催化对表面剪切力影响微弱。这是因为壁面催化使得具有更大惯性的大分子气体在近壁处聚集,从而导致更高的速度梯度。由于大钝头外形波阻在整体气动特性中占优,而高升阻比外形头部强压缩区域面积较小,头部强压缩区域剪切力对整体气动特性贡献较小,最终体现为壁面催化对整体气动力影响微弱。     

跨音速喷管流场波系分布的数值仿真

应用分离系数矩阵方法对跨音速喷管流场进行数值仿真, 同时计算喷管内马赫波分布。采用5151个网格点的计算结果清晰反映出喷管内膨胀波和压缩波的生成和反射。数值仿真与实验结果在宽广马赫数范围内吻合一致, 并揭示了波系分区分布, 反映出波系影响下跨音速喷管流场参数分布的规律性。      

进口斜激波、膨胀波干扰下等直隔离段内的激波串特性

 超燃冲压发动机的隔离段在实际工作中会受到进气道唇罩激波及肩部膨胀扇的显著干扰,本文针对这一特定问题进行了专门研究。提出了唇罩入射激波及肩部膨胀扇的模拟方法,并利用德国Achen的风洞试验对其进行了检验,而后以此研究了入射激波及肩部膨胀扇干扰下隔离段内激波串的基本形态,并分析了出口反压和激波入射位置的影响。仿真结果表明：当激波串在隔离段内不断前移时,受唇罩入射激波及其反射激波的干扰,其高速核心区交替地偏向上下壁面;与无激波入射的情况相比,此时激波串的耐反压能力显著降低,且入射点位置越高,降低幅度越大,管道内的沿程静压分布规律与Waltrup经验公式偏离程度也越来越大。该文结果可为进气道/隔离段的一体化设计提供依据。     

Stability and waves of transonic laboratory and space plasmas

The properties of magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities of laboratory and space plasmas are determined by the overall magnetic confinement geometry and by the detailed distributions of the density, pressure, magnetic field, and background velocity of the plasma. Consequently, measurement of the spectrum of MHD waves (MHD spectroscopy) gives direct information on the internal state of the plasma, provided a theoretical model is available to solve the forward as well as the inverse spectral problems. This terminology entails a program, viz. to improve the accuracy of our knowledge of plasmas, both in the laboratory and in space. Here, helioseismology (which could be considered as one of the forms of MHD spectroscopy) may serve as a luminous example. The required study of magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities of both laboratory and space plasmas has been conducted for many years starting from the assumption of static equilibrium. Recently, there is a outburst of interest for plasma states where this assumption is violated. In fusion research, this interest is due to the importance of neutral beam heating and pumped divertor action for the extraction of heat and exhaust needed in future tokamak reactors. Both result in rotation of the plasma with speeds that do not permit the assumption of static equilibrium anymore. In astrophysics, observations in the full range of electromagnetic radiation has revealed the primary importance of plasma flows in such diverse situations as coronal flux tubes, stellar winds, rotating accretion disks, and jets emitted from radio galaxies. These flows have speeds which substantially influence the background stationary equilibrium state, if such a state exists at all. Consequently, it is important to study both the stationary states of magnetized plasmas with flow and the waves and instabilities they exhibit. We will present new results along these lines, extending from the discovery of gaps in the continuous spectrum and low-frequency Alfvén waves driven by rotation to the nonlinear flow patterns that occur when the background speed traverses the full range from sub-slow to super-fast. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stochastic acceleration of charged particle in nonlinear wave field

Possibility of stochastic acceleration of charged particle by nonlinear waves is investigated. Spatially regular (SR) and spatiotemporal chaotic (STC) wave solutions evolving from saddle steady wave are tested as the fields. In the non-steady SR field the particle is finally trapped by the wave and averagely gains its group velocity, while in the STC field the particle motion displays trapped-free phases with its averaged velocity larger or smaller than the group velocity depending on the charge sign. A simplified model is established to investigate the acceleration mechanism. By analogy with motor protein, it is found that the virtual pattern of saddle steady wave plays a role of asymmetric potential, which and the nonlinear varying perturbation wave are the two sufficient ingredients for the acceleration in our case. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Some Observational Evidence of Alfven Surface Waves Induced Magnetic Reconnection

The surface wave induced magnetic reconnection (SWIMR) model based on Alfven Resonance theory will be discussed briefly both for collisional and collisionless plasmas. It is shown that the spatial scales and time delays associated with Flux Transfer Events and Pulsed Ionospheric Flows, as observed by satellites and SuperDARN radars and the magnetic bubbles, observed at the high latitude boundary of the magnetopause, can be explained by the SWIMR model. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高海况下反舰导弹对舰船目标攻击策略

反舰导弹攻击海面舰船目标时,通常根据目标的散射特征数据进行目标类型判定并做出决策。但是在高海况下:如果导弹横浪飞行,海浪对导弹命中目标的影响会变小,基本能保证可靠命中目标;但如果导弹顶浪飞行,则海浪会引起目标雷达反射截面积(Radar Cross Section,RCS)的起伏甚至突变,影响导弹对目标的锁定和判断。文章建立了不同海况和舰船目标的融合模型,并针对融合模型仿真计算了导弹不同突击方向时的 RCS,最终根据高海况时舰船横浪或顶浪航行的原则,按照捕捉概率最大的方向确定导弹的攻击方向。     

隔板截面造型对超声速膨胀器流场及性能的影响

采用三维雷诺平均N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,在设计工况下对3种隔板截面形状的超声速膨胀器的三维流道流场进行了数值研究.结果表明:矩形截面形状的超声速膨胀器近吸力面区域气流速度大,斜激波之后流动损失低,等熵绝热效率较高;正梯形截面形状的超声速膨胀器出口平均绝对马赫数、静压比以及膨胀比大,综合性能相对最优;角区附面层分离、回流形成的低速气流团以及斜激波所导致高速气流的增压过程是出口流动损失的主要来源;优化隔板沿径向的结构,超声速膨胀器的综合性能有望进一步提高.      

Recent Developments in Magnetospheric Diagnostics Using ULF Waves

One of the most ubiquitous indicators of the state and topology of the magnetosphere are ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves. These may be continuously and inexpensively monitored from the ground using networks of magnetometers. The most robust measurable quantity provided by magnetometer networks is signal phase and this paper emphasizes the usefulness of this parameter in a variety of ULF wave diagnostic processes ranging from equatorial to high latitudes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Superthermal Particles on Waves in Magnetized Space Plasmas

Distributions with excess numbers of superthermal particles are common in space environments. They are well modelled by the isotropic kappa distribution, or, where magnetic effects are important, the kappa-Maxwellian. This paper presents a review of some studies of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves in such plasmas, based on the associated generalized plasma dispersion functions, Z _κ and Z _κM. In particular, the effects of low values of κ are considered, i.e. strongly accelerated distribution functions. Recently the full susceptibility tensor for oblique propagation of electromagnetic waves in a kappa-Maxwellian magnetoplasma has been established and has been applied to the study of whistler waves.