On the computation of instabilities and symmetry-breaking in fluid mechanics

A review on the implementation of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for simulating low- and high-speed flows featuring turbulent mixing, instabilities and symmetry-breaking is presented. Results are reviewed for several complex flows including turbulent mixing associated with Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities, incompressible flows in suddenly expanded geometries, shock-induced instabilities, free-shear instabilities and complex vortex dynamics. Many of the results presented in this review have been obtained by large eddy simulation (LES), monotone integrated LES (MILES) in particular. The computational challenges associated with complex flow physics and nonlinear behaviour of the numerics are discussed.     

Towards the use of large eddy simulation in engineering

This paper reviews some important aspects of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) as applied to engineering flows. We first summarize the present status of modeling in incompressible, compressible and reacting multi-phase flows, with a view towards the overall formalism instead of the intrinsic details of different subgrid models. On the basis of the assumed requirements on future LES, expected to handle full-scale flows and reacting flows with detailed chemistry, we discuss some potentially interesting LES methods for the future. These methods are exclusively based on multi-scale modeling, in which simplified equations are solved within each LES cell, instead of semi-empirical modeling based on the resolved flow scales only. After that we outline a few flows studied by LES at the Swedish Defense Research Agency—FOI, which form the basis for the subsequent discussion of validation and verification, and quality management, being of increasing importance for practical engineering flows. Next we summarize some practical aspects of LES of engineering applications, many of which being crucial to the successful use of LES, and being of increasing importance for engineering flows. Finally, a view of the future use of LES in engineering is presented, which is based primarily on the evolutionary use of LES during the last decade in the fields of hydrodynamics and combustion.     

Wall-layer models for large-eddy simulations

The numerical simulation of high Reynolds number flows is hampered by model accuracy if the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are used, and by computational cost if direct or large-eddy simulations (LES) that resolve the near-wall layer are employed. The cost of a calculation scales like the Reynolds number to the power 3 for direct numerical simulations, or 2.4 for LES, making the resolution of the wall layer at high Reynolds number infeasible even with the most advanced computers. In LES, an attractive alternative to compute high-Re flows is the use of wall-layer models, in which only the outer layer is resolved, while the near-wall region is modeled. Three broad classes of approaches are presently used: bypassing this region altogether using wall functions, solving a separate set of equations in the near-wall region, weakly coupled to the outer flow, or simulating the near-wall region in a global, Reynolds-averaged, sense. These approaches are discussed and their ranges of applicability are highlighted. Various unresolved issues in wall-layer modeling are presented.     

多段翼型大迎角分离流动的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法

多段翼型的大迎角绕流发生大范围附面层分离,具有明显的三维与非定常流动特性。RANS/LES混合算法继承了LES对流动分离区大尺度漩涡准确模拟的优点,避免了纯LES算法需求网格量巨大与亚格子模型壁面函数不成熟等问题,对分离流动的模拟效果优于RANS算法。以S-A湍流模型与Smagorinsky亚格子模型为基础,借鉴DDES的附面层延迟控制思想,构造了可用于对接网格、重叠网格的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法。研究了GA（W）-1多段翼型的大迎角分离流动及其气动特性。     

模型加力室大涡模拟的并行计算

采用基于MPI(消息传递库)的并行算法,在贴体网格下对带V形槽稳定器模型加力燃烧室紊流化学反应流场进行数值模拟,湍流模型采用k方程亚网格尺度模型,燃烧模型采用亚网格EBU模型,采用热通量辐射模型估算辐射通量。在程序设计中,采用动态内存分配、分区算法和多点重合交错网格系统,并行计算的结果与单机运行结果的对比表明计算结果是正确的,可以明显的提高运算效率,是解决复杂燃烧流动大规模数值模拟的有效手段。      

Enhancement on parallel unstructured overset grid method for complex aerospace engineering applications

In the present study, an efficient overset grid method by means of parallel implicit hole-cutting is proposed for the sake of simulating unsteady flows in aerospace engineering involving multiple bodies in relative movement. In view of the degraded computational efficiency and robustness for conventional overset grid assembly, several innovative techniques are developed within the overset grid assembly process, viz., a bookkeeping alternative digital tree method to speed up the donor-cell search...     

有相对运动多体动力学系统流动计算方法若干问题讨论

对应用非结构动网格技术数值模拟有相对运动多体动力学系统的流动现象时发现的若干问题进行了讨论.应用动网格技术求解均匀流场,验证了几何守恒律方程离散形式对流场计算精度的重要性,还发现格式时间精度越高、网格运动速度越接近声速,几何守恒律的作用越明显;采用类似于可控轨迹实验的准定常计算方法和非结构动网格技术,分别对超声速气流中物体运动的动力学过程进行了数值模拟,通过流场和运动特性比较和理论分析,指出准定常计算方法本质上无法反映非定常流动特征,即使时间步长趋向零也不会趋向于真解;还讨论了数值模拟非定常流动的双时间法,分析时间推进步长对解的影响,随着时间步长减小解的误差降低,但是这一方法与动网格技术结合解决多体分离问题有难度.     

战斗机垂尾脉动压力数值模拟

在亚跨超计算流体力学（CFD）软件平台（TRIP）上开发了基于RANS/LES混合思路的IDDES流动模拟技术,并通过NACA0021翼型60°大迎角分离流动与串列圆柱绕流模拟对RANS/LES混合方法的精确度进行了验证,针对某战斗机外形的垂尾脉动压力开展了数值模拟研究。战斗机来流马赫数为0.1,基于全机长度的雷诺数为2×10⁶,模型迎角为20°、30°和40°。分别通过脉动压力系数、脉动压力功率谱密度、空间流动结构以及侧向力响应曲线等对战斗机的垂尾脉动压力进行了分析。脉动压力模拟结果表明：当垂尾完全沉浸在边条翼脱体涡破碎后的宽频湍流脉动气流中时,垂尾翼梢位置的脉动压力会发生明显的增大。     

可压缩多介质流动问题的高精度数值模拟方法

在可压缩流动问题的数值模拟领域,激波的高分辨率计算已取得重要进展。但是包含物质界面的可压缩多介质流动的数值模拟还存在诸多数值挑战,主要表现为界面处数值耗散过大和非物理振荡等问题。界面处流体性质的不连续性是造成可压缩多介质流动问题物理建模与数值方法困难的主要原因。为了建立一套高效的可压缩多介质流动问题的高精度数值模拟方案,本文从数值框架的选择、非守恒方程相容离散、高精度有界格式构造、界面压缩、界面-单介质分区计算方法等多个维度出发,综述近几年我们在可压缩多介质流动问题高精度数值模拟方法方面的研究进展。通过上述多个维度的工作,我们建立了一套适用于可压缩多介质流动问题的低耗散、基本无数值振荡的高精度欧拉数值方法,并成功应用于可压缩多介质大变形流动和界面不稳定性诱导湍流混合等问题的数值模拟。相关数值方法研究成果已集成至武器物理等领域工程数值模拟软件中,为相关工程任务提供了重要技术支撑。     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent diffusion flame combustion using a conserved scalar methodology

The present paper describes an LES prediction of turbulent diffusion flame combustion in a simplified axi-symmetric combustor geometry.The calculations are carried out using a well-tested finite volume incompressible LES code which has been modified to handle variable density and reacting flows.The basic mixture fraction conserved scalar method is used with the chemical state relationships described by fast chemistry.The turbulence-chemistry interaction is modelled by a sub-grid PDF method and the PDF is assumed to follow a Beta-function shape.The LES predictions have been time-averaged over 3.5 flow-through times to generate the mean radial profiles of mixture fraction,product mass fraction,temperature,axial velocity and axial rms.The agreement of the LES predictions with the experimental data is good for all the above quantities at four different axial positions with largest differences at the first measurement plane.The LES method also provides information on the unsteady nature of turbulent diffusion combustion. For turbulent reacting flows with large density ratio,it was found necessary to use a relaxation method in order to remove unphysical high-frequency fluctuations and to maintain numerical stability.      

模型燃烧室两相燃烧大涡模拟的并行计算

在三维任意曲线坐标系下采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法对模型燃烧室气液两相瞬态喷雾燃烧过程进行大涡模拟并行计算研究。通过大涡模拟计算结果与雷诺平均计算结果对比表明大涡模拟方法能更好的模拟流场细观结构。同时分别采用多个处理器和动态内存分配对大涡模拟并行计算程序进行数值模拟,并行计算结果表明:多个处理器之间并行计算结果与PIV测量的瞬态速度场以及出口温度分布实验数据相互吻合,表明采用并行计算和动态内存分配在保证计算结果正确的前提下,大幅度降低计算机内存和大涡模拟计算时间。     

Numerical simulations of shock/boundary layer interactions using time-dependent modeling techniques: A survey of recent results

Supersonic or hypersonic flows within and around flight vehicles inevitably involve interactions of strong shock waves with boundary layers. Flows within inlet/isolator configurations, and flows induced by control surface deflections are some examples. Such interactions are time dependent in nature and are often subject to low-frequency, large-scale motion that induces local pressure and heating loads. With recent increases in available computer power, it has now become possible to simulate such interactions at experimentally relevant Reynolds numbers using time-dependent techniques, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (LES–RANS) methods. This paper will survey some recent work in this area and will describe insights in shock/boundary layer interaction physics gained by using these high-fidelity methods. Attention will be focused on studies that compare directly with experimental data at the same (or nearly the same) Reynolds number. Challenges in the application of these techniques to even more complicated high-speed flow fields are also outlined.     

A new two-scale model for large eddy simulation of wall-bounded flows

A new hybrid approach to model high Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows is developed based on coupling a two-level simulation (TLS) approach (Kemenov and Menon, 2006 [1], 2007 [2] in the inner region with conventional large eddy simulation (LES) away from the wall. This new approach is significantly different from previous near-wall approaches for LES. In this hybrid TLS–LES approach, a very fine small-scale (SS) mesh is embedded inside the coarse LES mesh. The SS equations capture fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in all three Cartesian directions for all three velocity components near the wall. The TLS–LES equations are derived using a new scale separation operator that allows a smooth transition between the two regions, with the equations in the transition region obtained by blending the TLS large-scale and LES equations. New terms in the hybrid region are identified. The TLS–LES approach is used to study the near-wall features in canonical turbulent channel flows for a range of Reynolds number using relatively coarse large-scale (LS) grids. Results show that the TLS–LES approach is able to capture the effect of both the LS and SS features in the wall region consistently for the range of simulated Reynolds number.     

模型燃烧室紊流燃烧的大涡模拟

采用了两种不同的亚网格尺度燃烧模型对带 V型稳定器的模型燃烧室紊流化学反应流动进行了大涡模拟 ,用 k-ε方程亚网格尺度模型确定亚网格紊流粘性 ,为了考虑热辐射对燃烧室壁温和气流温度的影响 ,运用热流法辐射模型估算热辐射通量 ,用 SIMPLE算法和混合差分求解大涡模拟各守恒方程 ,通过对两种不同亚网格尺度燃烧模型数值模拟结果与实验值的比较表明 ,两种燃烧模型都与实验值较吻合 ,但 G方程小火焰模型要比亚网格 EBU燃烧模型符合得更好些      

室内气流分布的大涡模拟

准确地模拟室内气流分布对优化室内通风设计及预测舒适和健康的室内环境有着重要的意义，传统的空内气流分布的数值模拟大都采用к-ε两方程湍流模型，该方法求解出的是流动变量的平均值，无法给出流场结构的详细信息，体现不出湍流流动的瞬时性的特点。本文采用大涡模拟（LES）法求解室内气流分布，使HSMAS法保证计算的稳定性和收敛性。通过对室内等温贴附射流和非等温受限射流两种类型的射流作用下的室内气流分布计算，以及导入к-ε两方程湍流模型对计算结果进行比较与分析表明，大涡模拟求解室内气流分布是一种确定可行和有效的方法。     

大涡模拟模型燃烧室燃烧性能计算

对带双级扩压器的模型燃烧室气液两相瞬态喷雾燃烧过程,在三维贴体坐标系下采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法进行数值研究,同时采用多维经验分析法预估燃烧性能.采用 k 方程亚网格尺度模型模拟亚网格湍流黏性;亚网格EBU(eddy-break-up)燃烧模型预估化学反应速率;多维经验分析法计算燃烧性能;并在非交错网格体系下气相采用SIMPLE(semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations)算法对控制方程进行求解,液相采用随机离散模型,两相之间的耦合采用PSIC(particle-source-in-cell)算法.通过大涡模拟瞬态及时均计算结果表明:与粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量的瞬态速度场、出口温度分布试验数据吻合,表明在三维贴体坐标系下采用欧拉-拉格朗日两相大涡模拟方法,数值模拟模型燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场,所采用的亚网格模型可以用于燃烧室气液两相喷雾燃烧流场的大涡模拟;燃烧性能计算结果与试验测量结果基本一致,说明所采用多维经验分析法可以用来数值模拟航空发动机燃烧室燃烧性能的计算,特别是污染物的预估,为设计低污染高性能航空发动机燃烧室提供有用的设计依据.      

E 级计算给 CFD 带来的机遇与挑战

E 级(Exascale)计算机有望在2020年前后投入使用,E 级计算将给计算科学和科学研究带来革命性的变化。计算流体力学(CFD)作为超大规模计算机应用的重要领域之一,将迎来前所未有的发展机遇,同时也将面临极其严峻的技术挑战。本文对当前国内外超大规模 CFD 计算的现状进行了概述,探讨了未来 CFD 的发展趋势,并对 E 级计算给 CFD 带来的机遇与挑战进行了分析,最后提出了适应未来 E 级计算的 CFD 发展思路与建议。为了实现 E 级计算的宏伟目标,CFD 与计算机科学、应用数学等学科的“协同设计”势在必行。我们期待本文的分析能对我国的高性能计算应用、CFD 发展有一定的启示作用。     

复合式直升机过渡飞行功率特性

为研究复合式直升机其特殊飞行方式下的动力系统功率分配问题,建立了由气动部件和机械传动部件数学模型组成的复合式直升机性能综合计算模型.通过对其飞行条件进行约束,建立了该种飞行器的过渡飞行边界,并对边界内不同过渡路线下的功率进行计算,分析了气动部件和传动部件对复合式直升机过渡飞行过程中的功率影响,并通过地面试验模拟该飞行方式下的功率使用状况对计算模型进行数据验证,结果表明虽然计算值与试验值存在6%的误差,但比传统性能计算方法精度提高了4%.通过该方法可建立一种更为有效的复合式直升机性能计算方法.      

大涡模拟模型环形燃烧室污染特性

在任意曲线坐标系下,采用大涡模拟模型环形燃烧室两相燃烧流场中污染物的生成.用亚网格涡破碎(EBU)燃烧模型估算化学反应速率;分别用NO亚网格动力学模型与CO亚网格模型来模拟NO和CO的生成;采用随机离散模型模拟气液两相湍流流动,两相之间耦合采用PSIC算法.计算结果与瞬态速度场、出口温度和污染物质量分数分布的实验数据比较吻合,表明大涡模拟方法和亚网格模型可以用来预估实际燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场和污染物生成过程.      

湍流大涡数值模拟进展

本文简要陈述湍流大涡数值模拟的原理、优点,着重讨论湍流大涡数值模拟方法的关键问题及其可能解决的途径,包括脉动的过滤、亚格子模型、近壁模型和标量湍流的大涡数值模拟中的特殊问题.文章强调大涡数值模拟中亚格子应力的本质是可解尺度湍流和不可解尺度湍流动量间的输运,并以作者最近提出的新型亚格子模型说明发展亚格子模型的正确途径.文章最后提出湍流大涡数值模拟近期需要迫切解决的问题和其他具有挑战性的方向.