拓扑优化与增材制造结合:一种设计与制造一体化方法

被誉为"第三次工业革命"的增材制造技术通过材料层层累加的方式实现结构的制备,这种独特的制造方式实现了高度复杂结构的自由"生长"成形,极大地拓宽了设计"空间",为新型结构及材料的制备提供了强大的工具。制造工艺的飞速发展往往需要设计技术的快速跟进,拓扑优化方法因其不依赖初始构型及工程师经验,可获得完全意想不到的创新构型,已成为结构创新设计的重要工具。因此,将拓扑优化(先进设计技术)与增材制造(先进制造技术)融合,发展面向增材制造的创新设计技术具有广阔的前景。从面向增材制造的优质结构构型设计以及考虑增材制造工艺约束的拓扑优化设计方法两个方面,介绍了现阶段基于拓扑优化方法所建立的结构创新设计理论,并指出未来研究的趋势。     

航天高性能薄壁构件的材料-结构一体化设计综述

新一代航天器技术的快速发展对结构件超强承载、极端防热、超高精度和超轻量化提出了越来越苛刻的要求，如何设计并制造出高性能、轻量化、超精密的航天薄壁构件成为先进材料与结构设计制造领域普遍关注的难题。本文综述了近年来薄壁构件高性能设计与制造及其航天应用的主要成果，围绕材料-结构多尺度建模与性能表征、多材料多尺度结构设计与增材制造原理、增材制造材料性能与结构设计的交互作用机制等科学问题，就结构优化中的制造工艺约束建模，增材制造工艺参数对结构性能的影响，高性能构件材料-结构一体化设计方法及其在航天结构中的应用展开论述，并展望了未来典型航天薄壁构件材料-结构一体化设计和制造方法发展前景与应用，为未来相关研究工作和航空航天装备研发提供参考。     

增材制造——面向航空航天制造的变革性技术

增材制造技术在航空航天应用方面具有单件小批量的复杂结构快速制造优势,未来将向着设计、材料和成形一体化方向发展。分析了增材制造在航空航天领域应用发展的3个层面,以航空发动机涡轮叶片增材制造、高性能聚醚醚酮（PEEK）及其复合材料、连续纤维增强树脂复合材料及太空3D打印为主题,介绍了增材制造技术国内外以及西安交通大学的研究状况。涡轮叶片应用增材制造工艺可以有效提高效率降低成本,未来向高性能的高温合金和陶瓷基复合材料增材制造技术发展。高性能轻质聚合物PEEK及其复合材料增材制造在高力学性能结构件、吸波功能件的成形中得到应用,将改变现有的设计与材料,推动结构与功能一体化发展。连续纤维复合材料增材制造将带动无模具纤维复合材料成形的新发展,在太空3D打印将改变未来航空航天制造模式。增材制造技术将给航空航天制造技术带来变革性发展。     

面向增材制造的飞行器结构优化设计关键问题

围绕飞行器复杂结构整体构型研制的高性能、轻量化苛刻需求,着重介绍了面向增材制造的结构优化设计面临的系列关键问题以及相关研究成果。分别从面向增材制造的结构多承载环节整体优化建模与性能分析、整体结构多学科性能与功能综合设计方法、跨尺度结构-微结构性能表征与尺度效应的影响机理,以及增材制造工艺对整体结构件性能的影响机理和制造工艺约束4个方面,阐述如何从结构力学与工艺力学角度科学实现最优性能设计与先进增材制造技术的完美匹配与融合。     

树脂基复合材料点阵结构的制造技术研究进展

树脂基复合材料点阵结构集点阵结构与复合材料优势于一体，是实现飞行器等高端装备结构轻量化、功能化与智能化的理想结构材料。然而，由于复合材料点阵结构的材料高度各向异性、结构跨尺度、几何拓扑构型复杂、多功能集成设计需求等特征，导致复合材料点阵结构的制造技术存在诸多难题与挑战。本文回顾了复合材料点阵结构的发展历程，重点围绕近年来国内外在制造技术方面的研究与突破，根据点阵芯体的核心成形工艺，在给出制造技术分类与优缺点分析的基础上，总结了影响点阵结构成形质量的关键工艺，进一步剖析了制约当前复合材料点阵结构制造技术发展的问题，最后对复合材料点阵结构制造领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

增材制造损坏替换件拓扑优化设计方法

应急保障和战时抢修是增材制造技术发展的重要方向之一,也给面向增材制造的结构优化设计提出了新的挑战。为了实现异种材料原位替换件的构型设计,提出增材制造损坏替换件拓扑优化设计方法,并以机用散热风扇为例开展应用研究。通过分析散热风扇服役环境和战时抢修需求,在变密度方法框架下建立结构总重量和转动惯量控制在原件数据附近小范围以内、以结构整体柔顺度最小化为目标的拓扑优化问题列式,并完成灵敏度分析公式推导。从拓扑优化结果及其重构模型的仿真数据可知：散热风扇替换件拓扑优化结果收敛性好、满足所有设计要求,重构方案满足增材制造工艺性要求,验证了本文设计方法的有效性。     

复合材料薄壁加筋结构优化设计与增材制造综述

复合材料薄壁加筋结构因具有轻质量、高强度、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳等优点,逐渐被用于航空航天、舰船邮轮、特种工程等高端装备制造。主要从薄壁加筋先进结构设计方法、复合材料增材制造工艺及复合材料薄壁加筋结构在航空航天领域的应用3个方面对当前研究进展和应用情况进行综述。针对加筋结构优化设计,概述了参数化方法、形状优化方法、拓扑优化方法及其他新型设计方法的基本原理;围绕复合材料增材制造技术,讨论了具体制造工艺的发展现状,以及其纤维铺放/打印路径规划方法;并梳理了航空航天高端装备领域中典型的复合材料薄壁加筋结构应用;最后总结了复合材料薄壁加筋结构–工艺协同设计的发展趋势及面临的关键挑战。     

航空典型金属材料增材制造组织、缺陷、表面、构型研究进展

增材制造是一种集激光、数字化、材料等学科为一体的新型制造技术,具有降维制造、复杂成型、材料利用率高等优点,是材料加工领域中最具应用前景的技术之一,金属增材制造技术已在航空领域得到广泛研究和应用,国内外学者在航空金属材料增材制造方面的研究不断深入。中国航发增材制造技术创新中心在金属增材制造结构四要素——组织、缺陷、表面、构型方面开展了大量研究并获得一些数据,发现了一些现象和规律,包括组织接续生长特征及其对力学性能的影响;典型材料增材制造常见缺陷（气孔、裂纹、未熔合）特征、形成原因及其对力学性能特别是疲劳性能的影响机制;零件表面粗糙度与成形角度的关系及对疲劳性能的影响;金属增材制造构型的影响因素。在此基础上,总结了金属增材制造发展中存在的问题,对下一步重点提出了建议,并对未来研究工作提出了展望。     

基于增材制造的异种金属一体化成形关键问题

随着航空航天技术的发展关键部件性能需求逐渐提高,单一材料部件已经无法满足严苛服役条件下的性能需求,而异种金属材料的直接近净成形制备是航空航天、国防及军工等关键领域研究的重点方向。目前传统异种金属材料制备面临加工工艺与材料物性匹配问题、界面缺陷控制以及一体化成形困难等诸多瓶颈,利用增材制造技术制备异种金属部件成为材料成形及增材制造领域的重要发展方向。本文介绍了定向能量沉积、激光选区熔化和电子束熔化在异种金属增材制造中的研究现状,对粉末铺放工艺、高能束与粉层适配性、全互溶合金析出相控制、非互溶材料高能束连接问题及界面成分分布控制进行了梳理与总结,并提出了解决方法。最后,对异种金属增材制造在航空航天领域的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

超高温氧化物陶瓷激光增材制造及凝固缺陷控制研究进展

超高温氧化物陶瓷具有优异的高温强度、高温结构稳定性、抗氧化和耐腐蚀性能,有望成为极端高温氧化环境下长期服役的新型高温结构材料,在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景。以激光选区熔化和激光近净成形为代表的激光增材制造技术具有高效快速、柔性制造、近净成形等特点,近些年来逐渐应用于超高温氧化物陶瓷的制备并成为该领域的研究热点。本文概述了激光选区熔化技术和激光近净成形技术的原理和特点,从工艺优化、高温预热、超声振动辅助和掺杂4个方面详细阐述了激光增材制造超高温氧化物陶瓷凝固缺陷控制的研究进展,并在文末展望了本领域未来的发展趋势和研究重点。     

A review of topology optimization for additive manufacturing: Status and challenges

Topology optimization was developed as an advanced structural design methodology to generate innovative lightweight and high-performance configurations that are difficult to obtain with conventional ideas. Additive manufacturing is an advanced manufacturing technique building as-designed structures via layer-by-layer joining material, providing an alternative pattern for complex components. The integration of topology optimization and additive manufacturing can make the most of their advantages and potentials, and has wide application prospects in modern manufacturing. This article reviews the main content and applications of the research on the integration of topology optimization and additive manufacturing in recent years, including multi-scale or hierarchical structural optimization design and topology optimization considering additive manufacturing constraints. Meanwhile, some challenges of structural design approaches for additive manufacturing are discussed, such as the performance characterization and scale effects of additively manufactured lattice structures, the anisotropy and fatigue performance of additively manufactured material, and additively manufactured functionally graded material issues, etc. It is shown that in the research of topology optimization for additive manufacturing, the integration of material, structure, process and performance is important to pursue high-performance, multi-functional and lightweight production. This article provides a reference for further related research and aerospace applications.     

An aerospace bracket designed by thermo-elastic topology optimization and manufactured by additive manufacturing

Combination of topology optimization and additive manufacturing technologies provides an effective approach for the development of light-weight and high-performance structures. A heavy-loaded aerospace bracket is designed by topology optimization and manufactured by additive manufacturing technology in this work. Considering both mechanical forces and temperature loads, a formulation of thermo-elastic topology optimization is firstly proposed and the sensitivity analysis is derived in detail. Then the procedure of numerical optimization design is presented and the final design is additively manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The mass of the aerospace bracket is reduced by over 18%, benefiting from topology and size optimization, and the three constraints are satisfied as well in the final design. This work indicates that the integration of thermo-elastic topology optimization and additive manufacturing technologies can be a rather powerful tool kit for the design of structures under thermal-mechanical loading.     

Layout design of thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners using multi-material topology optimization

In this paper, the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners manufactured by additive manufacturing are investigated. A design method based on the multi-material topology optimization is proposed for the simultaneous layout optimization of the lattices and stiffeners in thin-walled structures. First, the representative lattice units of the selected lattices are equivalent to the virtual homogeneous materials whose effective elastic matrixes are achieved by the energy-based homogenization method. Meanwhile, the stiffeners are modelled using the solid material. Subsequently, the multi-material topology optimization formulation is established for both the virtual homogeneous materials and solid material to minimize the structural compliance under mass constraint. Thus, the optimal layout of both the lattices and stiffeners could be simultaneously attained by the optimization procedure. Two applications, the aircraft panel structure and the equipment mounting plate, are dealt with to demonstrate the detailed design procedure and reveal the effect of the proposed method. According to numerical comparisons and experimental results, the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners have significant advantages over the traditional stiffened thin-walled structures and lattice sandwich structures in terms of static, dynamic and anti-instability performance.     

微小型航空燃气轮机离心叶轮拓扑优化设计

离心叶轮是微小型航空燃气轮机中的关键部件,要求其在满足气动性能的前提下,尽量减轻结构重量,传统设计制造技术已基本发挥到极致,但增材制造技术及拓扑优化设计方法的发展为其进一步优化设计拓展了新的空间。针对某型航空微型燃气轮机离心叶轮减重设计问题,依托增材制造和拓扑优化设计技术,在现有设计的基础上,首先对离心叶轮进行静强度分...     

飞机高能束增材制造结构研究

轻质高效、长寿命、多功能、低成本、快速响应制造是现代飞机结构技术的发展方向,但受限于传统制造技术,一些创新的结构存在"设计得出却造不出"的问题。高能束增材制造技术的发展为新概念结构工程的实现提供了契机。基于高能束增材制造技术,针对现代飞机结构特征需求,提出了大型整体化、梯度复合化和功能结构一体化等发展方向,创建了新概念构型,开展了设计与评定方法研究,提出了基于技术成熟度的工程化验证模式。     

Collaborative optimization design of process parameter and structural topology for laser additive manufacturing

High-resolution laser additive manufacturing (LAM) significantly releases design freedom, promoting the development of topology optimization (TO) and advancing structural design methods. In order to fully take advantage of voxelated forming methods and establish the quantitative relationship between the mechanical properties of printing components and multiple process factors (laser- and process- parameters), the concurrent optimization design method based on LAM should cover the process-performance relationship. This study proposes a novel artificial intelligence-facilitated TO method for LAM to concurrently design microscale material property and macroscale structural topology of 3D components by adopting heuristic and gradient-based algorithms. The process–structure–property relationship of selective laser sintering is established by the back propagation neural network, and it is integrated into the TO algorithm for providing a systematic design scheme of structural topology and process parameter. Compared with the classical optimization method, numerical examples show that this method is able to improve the mechanical performance of the macrostructure significantly. In addition, the collaborative design method is able to be widely applied for complex functional part design and optimization, as well as case studies on artificial intelligence-facilitated product evaluation.     

Multi-scale design and optimization for solid-lattice hybrid structures and their application to aerospace vehicle components

By integrating topology optimization and lattice-based optimization, a novel multi-scale design method is proposed to create solid-lattice hybrid structures and thus to improve the mechanical performance as well as reduce the structural weight. To achieve this purpose, a two-step procedure is developed to design and optimize the innovative structures. Initially, the classical topology optimization is utilized to find the optimal material layout and primary load carrying paths. Afterwards, the solid-lattice hybrid structures are reconstructed using the finite element mesh based modeling method. And lattice-based optimization is performed to obtain the optimal cross-section area of the lattice structures. Finally, two typical aerospace structures are optimized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework. The numerical results are quite encouraging since the solid-lattice hybrid structures obtained by the presented approach show remarkably improved performance when compared with traditional designs.     

碳纤维复合材料在发射装置上的应用研究

机载弹射发射装置轻量化设计是现阶段机载武器系统重要的研究课题和难题,碳纤维复合材料应用于制造具有复杂外形的承力结构件,对于航空武器的轻量化设计具有重要意义。选取机载弹射发射装置的典型结构作为研究对象,首先通过结构优化设计和RTM成型工艺获得复合材料结构件;然后,经过各项结构件的试验和整机试验验证,结合应变测量数据,证明其强度满足设计要求,且获得了显著的减重效果。通过对复合材料典型结构件的研究,为其在发射装置领域的应用提供理论指导和依据。