炮风洞中进行高温喷流底部热流,压力测量试验

本文介绍了在北京空气动力研究所炮风洞Ｍ数为６、７、８的气流中进行具有高温喷流的模型底部热流和压力测量试验的有关试验技术，试验结果表明底部对流热流和压力测量值随外流Ｍ数增大而减小，他们都大于无外流时的测值。辐射热流不受外流影响。     

火星大气高温光谱建模与非平衡辐射热流预测

火星科学实验室成功着陆后的热环境重构数据表明，气动辐射加热在火星进入防热设计中具有不同于以往认识的重要影响，未知机制和模型不确定性等问题有待进一步研究。探测器高速进入火星大气产生极高温非平衡气动环境，造成火星气动辐射与常规CO₂红外辐射研究显著不同。针对火星大气高温光谱和辐射热流预测，首先，建立适用于火星大气的高温非平衡光谱辐射模型，获得典型高温条件CO₂光谱结构和辐射强度，与NASA和JAXA试验结果对比，结果显示符合较好。其次，依靠激波管和发射光谱测量技术，开展典型进入条件的辐射强度测量试验，数值结果、试验值和NASA试验结果相互符合较好，验证了光谱模型。最后，对探路者号进行气动辐射加热分析，完成典型进入条件下的非平衡流动和辐射特性计算，基于光线法得到光谱辐射强度沿驻点线的变化，表明高速与低速条件的气动辐射机制存在显著差异；基于有限体积法获得进入器表面辐射热流分布，结果显示辐射热流的分布及变化规律与地球再入显著不同，进入速度6 km/s以下时辐射热流随进入速度增加而减小，同时进入器锥身及肩部的辐射热流高于驻点区域。     

航空发动机排气系统红外辐射测量与数值计算比较研究

评估航空发动机红外隐身性能,需获取其排气系统的红外辐射强度。介绍了航空发动机排气系统红外辐射测量方法,通过试验验证得到了3~5mm的红外辐射特征。采用反向蒙特卡洛法对发动机排气系统的红外辐射特征进行数值计算,计算中将固体壁面的反射特性分别设为漫反射体和镜面反射体,并将计算值与试验值进行对比分析。结果表明:两者分布规律一致,但将壁面的反射特性作为镜面反射处理时,计算值与试验值的误差明显减小。     

基于BRDF的排气系统红外辐射特征计算研究

为了提高涡扇发动机排气系统红外辐射强度的计算精度,研究了壁面反射特性对计算结果的影响。红外辐射特征的计算采用反向蒙特卡罗(RMC)法,壁面反射采用双向反射分布函数(BRDF)和漫反射两种模型,并将计算得到的红外辐射强度与模型试验测试结果进行了对比。通过研究BRDF模型参数的变化对计算结果的影响确定了所采用模型中参数的取值。结果表明:壁面反射采用BRDF模型是提高红外辐射计算精度的有效途径。对于本文的试验模型,采用BRDF模型后,明显减小了以低发射高反射部件辐射为主的方向上红外辐射强度的计算误差。     

气冷涡轮叶片三维换热问题计算

建立了三维气冷涡轮叶片换热计算的热-流耦合计算模型, 将辐射热量作为源项加入到方程中, 采用热-流耦合方法完成了某气冷涡轮叶片带辐射的三维换热计算.辐射热量的计算采用了P-1辐射模型, 比较了计算辐射和不计辐射时叶片表面的温度值及温度分布的差异.计算表明对于1600 K这样的高温燃气, 辐射热量不可忽略, 考虑辐射热量后, 叶片温度明显升高, 温度分布也产生了显著差异.      

一种考虑结构瞬态互辐射的有限元法

研究结构元件之间瞬态辐射过程及特点 ,对于元件温度未知时的瞬态辐射提出了一种有限元计算模型。通过广义边界条件简化了元件互辐射的数学描述 ,最后得到了广义互辐射元。所建模型具有简单、方便、实用和精度高等特点 ,使复杂的互辐射计算化为统一模式 ,并通过试验与实例计算证明其有效性。     

用可变扩散湍流模型研究轴对称排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究可变扩散湍流模型在排气系统红外辐射特性计算中的适用性,计算了轴对称亚声速喷管在3 ～5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法求解N-S方程,湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型和可变扩散模型.红外特性计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果与试验对比表明,与标准k-ε模型相比,可变扩散湍流模型能够有效改善亚声速热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度,说明可变扩散湍流模型适用于精确模拟轴对称排气系统的红外辐射特性.     

基于ARMA模型的引信系统动态精度测定方法

引信系统静态试验满足精度指标后,要在导弹和目标处于相对运动的状态下,进行动态精度测定以检查引信系统输出值相对标准值的误差,决定是否需要校正精度。对引信系统误差序列建立ARMA模型后,使用现场数据辨识模型参数,并使用残差白性分析和零极点分析对模型进行了检验,基于该模型所预测的误差数据,对引信系统的动态精度进行简易测定,其结果与靶场试验测定结果一致,表明该方法可作为一种适用于现场的动态精度测定方法。     

低热值气体燃料燃烧室数值模拟与试验研究

以某型航空发动机燃烧室为研究对象,对低热值燃料燃烧室进行了数值模拟和试验研究。采用RNGk-ε模型、小火焰紊流燃烧模型和P-1辐射模型,预估了紊流特性、化学反应速率和辐射通量;应用SIMPLE算法,对离散方程进行求解。计算结果与试验数据比较表明二者基本吻合,这说明计算方法合理,可用来估算低热值燃料燃烧室的燃烧性能。     

壁面辐射平衡DSMC方法及其在双锥构型中应用

临近空间高超声速飞行器在高空长时间飞行,受气流加热影响,飞行器表面温度显著升高,依赖地面试验和传统DSMC仿真预测的热流值明显高于飞行观测值,导致飞行器防热系统的保守设计.本文发展了一种基于壁面辐射平衡的DSMC边界模型,通过热流值反算辐射平衡壁面温度,并以此温度作为下一个时间步DSMC计算的边界条件,迭代更新至给出壁面温度的收敛值.基于该温度边界条件,开发了适用于轴对称构型的DSMC求解器,并以钝锥构型对计算模型和求解器进行了验证.重点针对激波风洞试验条件下的双锥构型,开展数值模拟研究,结果表明:该构型恒温冷壁条件得到的壁面压力分布和热流与风洞试验结果吻合,两种温度条件下的压力峰值差异约为15.4％,但是整体气动力特性差异仅约为0.33％;相对于冷壁,辐射平衡计算得到的前缘处热流峰值降低约50％,再附点处的热流峰值降低约三分之二;两种条件相结合,可以给出壁面热流的预测范围.     

姿控发动机羽流的可见光/近红外特性

为了研究发动机羽流辐射特性对光学探测成像的影响,基于不同直径粒子散射理论、辐射传递方程和分子吸收线数据库,应用有限体积法,建立了火箭发动机羽流在不同波段的辐射特性计算程序.针对实际工作情况进行建模,开展某姿控发动机工作在环月球轨道时的可见及近红外波段羽流的辐射特性计算.在0.4~0.9μm波长范围内,针对羽流气体组分、波长、观察天顶角以及太阳辐射对羽流光谱的影响作了数值计算及分析.研究结果表明:应用有限体积法开发的程序较好地模拟火箭发动机羽流的辐射特性,并具有广泛适用性;在可见光和近红外波段,太阳辐射作用对火箭发动机喷流辐射特性影响最大.      

Microwave Diagnostics of Dynamic Processes and Oscillations in Groups of Solar Coronal Magnetic Loops

Low-frequency (LF) modulations of the solar microwave radiation (37 GHz) recorded at the Metsähovi Radio Observatory, are analyzed. Since the intensity of solar microwave radiation, produced by the electron gyrosynchrotron mechanism, is dependent on a value of the background magnetic field [Dulk, G. A.: 1985, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 169–224], slow variations of the magnetic field associated with disturbances of the electric current in a radiating source, can modulate the intensity of the microwave radiation. The observed multi-track features of the LF spectra are interpreted as a signature of a complex multi-loop structure of the radiating source. Application of the equivalent electric circuit models of interacting loops allows to explain and reproduce the main dynamical features of the observed LF modulation dynamic spectra.     

Observed Long-Term Variations of Solar Irradiance at the Earth’s Surface

The variation of global radiation (sum of direct solar and diffuse sky radiation) at the Earth’s surface is examined based on pyranometer measurements at about 400~sites. The period of the study covers in general the last 50 years. For Europe the study is extended to the beginning of observations in the 1920s and 1930s. Global radiation generally increased in Europe from the 1920s to the 1950s. After the late 1950s and early 1960s global radiation began to decrease in most areas of the world at a mean rate of 0.7 Wm⁻²a⁻¹ until 1980s, thereafter 75%; of the stations showed a recovery at a mean rate of 0.7 Wm⁻²a⁻¹. All stations in the Polar region, which are far from aerosol sources, also show this pattern of change. At the remaining 25% of the stations the decrease has continued to present. These regions are a part of China, most of India, and Central Africa. Both during the declining and recovering phases global radiation observed under the cloudless condition also followed the same tendency, indicating the simultaneous and parallel changes of aerosol and cloud conditions. Long-term observations of total zenith transmittance of the atmosphere indicate a decrease in transmittance to the mid 1980s and an increase after this period. Since the brighter and darker periods correspond to relatively warmer and colder periods, the present study offers the possibility to quantitatively evaluate the mutual relationships between the solar irradiance, atmospheric transmittance, cloud conditions and air temperature.     

基于地球红外背景模拟的 水云大气影响初步分析

为支持地球红外背景的模拟研究,以天基观测为前提,计算了2个大气窗口下,4个具有典型大气和地表特征的区域在水云大气下的路径透过率和各成分辐射亮度。通过相对变化比例,讨论了地球背景模拟中水云与地表的图像区分以及地域的影响。结果表明,水云对地球背景辐射传输影响显著:云层下方辐射会被强烈衰减,同时观测路径中的散射辐射大幅增强。在同一选定区域下,积云大气的观测路径亮度相对无云大气下变化最大,在相同水云类型条件下,大气散射和太阳散射亮度在不同区域区别较大,说明在模拟水云地球背景时不能忽略地域的影响。计算和分析结果可为地球背景模拟中的水云红外图像生成提供一定的数据基础和技术支持。     

直升机机身表面温度场建模与数值分析

为了解得合理的直升机整机温度分布,在直升机机身表面温度场建模中综合考虑了机身蒙皮、排气系统、旋翼下洗和太阳辐射等方面的影响,并进行了数值模拟和排气系统-后机身一体化局部缩比模型的实验验证.研究结果表明:①由于辐射换热的影响,后机身内部混合管附近的表面温度升高了15 K左右;②单层蒙皮的表面温度受内部高温部件的热辐射影响...     

喷气流红外辐射场的数值计算

讨论了 Hottel法用于喷气流辐射计算的弱点 ,推演了辐射在耗散和发射性介质中传输的积微分方程 ,并在散射量较小时得出了宜于数值解的高温喷气流辐射传输方程。还推演了观测坐标系与流场坐标系不一致时辐射立体角的转换关系。最后给出了计及化学反应的喷气流算例在空间典型点处的积分辐射量及光谱分布 ,并将其和实测数据进行了比较     

Structural dynamic responses of a stripped solar sail subjected to solar radiation pressure

The stripped solar sail whose membrane is divided into separate narrow membrane strips is believed to have the best structural efficiency. In this paper, the stripped solar sail structure is regarded as an assembly made by connecting a number of boom-strip components in sequence. Considering the coupling effects between booms and membrane strips, an exact and semi-analytical method to calculate structural dynamic responses of the stripped solar sail subjected to solar radiation pressure is established. The case study of a 100 m stripped solar sail shows that the stripped architecture helps to reduce the static deflections and amplitudes of the steady-state dynamic response. Larger prestress of the membrane strips will decrease stiffness of the sail and increase amplitudes of the steady-state dynamic response. Increasing thickness of the boom will benefit to stability of the sail and reduce the resonant amplitudes. This proposed semi-analytical method provides an efficient analysis tool for structure design and attitude control of the stripped solar sail.     

Space Weather and the Ground-Level Solar Proton Events of the 23rd Solar Cycle

Solar proton events can adversely affect space and ground-based systems. Ground-level events are a subset of solar proton events that have a harder spectrum than average solar proton events and are detectable on Earth’s surface by cosmic radiation ionization chambers, muon detectors, and neutron monitors. This paper summarizes the space weather effects associated with ground-level solar proton events during the 23rd solar cycle. These effects include communication and navigation systems, spacecraft electronics and operations, space power systems, manned space missions, and commercial aircraft operations. The major effect of ground-level events that affect manned spacecraft operations is increased radiation exposure. The primary effect on commercial aircraft operations is the loss of high frequency communication and, at extreme polar latitudes, an increase in the radiation exposure above that experienced from the background galactic cosmic radiation. Calculations of the maximum potential aircraft polar route exposure for each ground-level event of the 23rd solar cycle are presented. The space weather effects in October and November 2003 are highlighted together with on-going efforts to utilize cosmic ray neutron monitors to predict high energy solar proton events, thus providing an alert so that system operators can possibly make adjustments to vulnerable spacecraft operations and polar aircraft routes.     

High-Frequency Radio Signatures of Solar Eruptive Flares

Several examples of the radio emission of eruptive solar flares with high-frequency slowly drifting structures and type II bursts are presented. Relationships of these radio bursts with eruptive phenomena such as soft X-ray plasmoid ejection and shock formation are shown. Possible underlying physical processes are discussed in the framework of the plasmoid ejection model of eruptive solar flares. On the other hand, it is shown that these radio bursts can be considered as radio signatures of eruptive solar flares and thus used for the prediction of heliospheric effects. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.